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Difference between revisions of "2003 AIME I Problems/Problem 8"
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Both <math>a</math> and <math>d</math> are positive integers, so <math>2d - 15</math> and <math>10 - d</math> must have the same sign. Try if they are both [[positive]] (notice if they are both [[negative]], then <math>d > 10</math> and <math>d < \frac{15}{2}</math>, which is a contradiction). Then, <math>d = 8, 9</math>. Directly substituting and testing shows that <math>d \neq 8</math>, but that if <math>d = 9</math> then <math>a = 18</math>. Alternatively, note that <math>3|2d</math> or <math>3|2d-15</math> implies that <math>3|d</math>, so only <math>9</math> may work. Hence, the four terms are <math>18,\ 27,\ 36,\ 48</math>, which indeed fits the given conditions. Their sum is <math>\boxed{129}</math>.
 
Both <math>a</math> and <math>d</math> are positive integers, so <math>2d - 15</math> and <math>10 - d</math> must have the same sign. Try if they are both [[positive]] (notice if they are both [[negative]], then <math>d > 10</math> and <math>d < \frac{15}{2}</math>, which is a contradiction). Then, <math>d = 8, 9</math>. Directly substituting and testing shows that <math>d \neq 8</math>, but that if <math>d = 9</math> then <math>a = 18</math>. Alternatively, note that <math>3|2d</math> or <math>3|2d-15</math> implies that <math>3|d</math>, so only <math>9</math> may work. Hence, the four terms are <math>18,\ 27,\ 36,\ 48</math>, which indeed fits the given conditions. Their sum is <math>\boxed{129}</math>.
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Postscript
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As another option, <math>3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d</math> could be rewritten as follows:
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 +
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<math>d(3a + 4d) = 30(a + d)</math>
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 +
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<math>d(3a + 3d)+ d^2 = 30(a + d)</math>
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<math>3d(a + d)+ d^2 = 30(a + d)</math>
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<math>(3d - 30)(a + d)+ d^2 = 0</math>
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<math>3(d - 10)(a + d)+ d^2 = 0</math>
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This gives another way to prove <math>d<10</math>, and when rewritten one last time:
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<math>3(10 -d)(a + d) = d^2</math>
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shows that <math>d</math> must contain a factor of 3.
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-jackshi2006
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EDIT by NealShrestha:
 +
Note that once we reach <math>3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d</math> this implies <math>3|d</math> since all other terms are congruent to <math>0\mod 3</math>.
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==Solution 2==
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The sequence is of the form <math>a-d,</math> <math>a,</math> <math>a+d,</math> <math>\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}</math>. Since the first and last terms differ by 30, we have <cmath>\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}-a+d=30</cmath>
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<cmath>d^2+3ad=30a</cmath>
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<cmath>d^2+3ad-30a=0</cmath>
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<cmath>d=\frac{-3a + \sqrt{9a^2+120a}}{2}.</cmath>
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Let <math>9a^2+120a=x^2</math>, where <math>x</math> is an integer. This yields the following:
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<cmath>9a^2+120a-x^2=0</cmath>
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<cmath>a=\frac{-120 + \sqrt{14400+36x^2}}{18}</cmath>
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<cmath>a=\frac{-20 + \sqrt{400+x^2}}{3}.</cmath>
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We then set <math>400+x^2=y^2</math>, where <math>y</math> is an integer. Factoring using difference of squares, we have
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<cmath>400=2^4 \cdot 5^2=(y+x)(y-x).</cmath>
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Then, noticing that <math>y+x > y-x</math>, we set up several systems of equations involving the factors of <math>400</math>. The second system we set up in this manner,
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<cmath>y+x=2^3 \cdot 5^2</cmath>
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<cmath>y-x=2,</cmath>
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yields the solution <math>y=101, x=99</math>. Plugging back in, we get that <math>a=27 \implies d=9</math>, so the sequence is <math>18,</math> <math>27,</math> <math>36,</math> <math>48,</math> and the answer is <math>\boxed{129}.</math>
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*Note: we do not have to check the other systems since the <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> values obtained via this system yield integers for <math>a</math>, <math>d</math>, and this must be the only possible answer since this is an AIME problem. We got very lucky in this sense :)
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-Fasolinka
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==Solution 3 (Guesswork)==
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We represent the values as <math>a-d</math>, <math>a</math>, <math>a+d</math>, and <math>\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}</math>
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Take the difference between the first and last values
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<cmath>\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}-a+d=30</cmath>
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Manipulating the values by expanding and then long division we see
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<cmath>\frac{a^2+2ad+d^2}{a}-a+d=30</cmath>
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<cmath>\frac{(a+2d)a+d^2}{a}-a+d=30</cmath>
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<cmath>a+2d+\frac{d^2}{a}-a+d=30</cmath>
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Combining like terms we get
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<cmath>3d+\frac{d^2}{a}=30</cmath>
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And looking at the values we know that since the second term must be positive (since both a and d are positive), <math>d</math> must be a maximum of 9, which offers 9 possible values (since <math>d</math> must be a positive integer.) We can resort to guesswork by this time, and thus receive the result of of <math>d=9</math> at which <math>a=27</math>. The solution is thus <math>\boxed{129}.</math>
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* We could also lay down some further parameters for the value of <math>d</math>. as <math>a</math> must be greater than <math>d</math> (for the first term to be positive), we can substitite in a "borderline" value of a=d (which itself is just over the limit). This gives us:
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<cmath>3d+\frac{d^2}{d}=30</cmath>
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<cmath>3d+d=30</cmath>
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<cmath>4d=30</cmath>
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Thus, d must be greater than 7.5, which gives us only 2 values left (8 and 9). We can then plug in any of the two to see if an integer value is attainable. In the end, 8 doesn't work and 9 does, which gives the solution of <math>\boxed{129}.</math>
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* Note: This solution is similar to Solution 2
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-PMaldonado13
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 22:21, 22 January 2023

Problem 8

In an increasing sequence of four positive integers, the first three terms form an arithmetic progression, the last three terms form a geometric progression, and the first and fourth terms differ by $30$. Find the sum of the four terms.

Solution

Denote the first term as $a$, and the common difference between the first three terms as $d$. The four numbers thus are in the form $a,\ a+d,\ a+2d,\ \frac{(a + 2d)^2}{a + d}$.

Since the first and fourth terms differ by $30$, we have that $\frac{(a + 2d)^2}{a + d} - a = 30$. Multiplying out by the denominator, \[(a^2 + 4ad + 4d^2) - a(a + d) = 30(a + d).\] This simplifies to $3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d$, which upon rearranging yields $2d(2d - 15) = 3a(10 - d)$.

Both $a$ and $d$ are positive integers, so $2d - 15$ and $10 - d$ must have the same sign. Try if they are both positive (notice if they are both negative, then $d > 10$ and $d < \frac{15}{2}$, which is a contradiction). Then, $d = 8, 9$. Directly substituting and testing shows that $d \neq 8$, but that if $d = 9$ then $a = 18$. Alternatively, note that $3|2d$ or $3|2d-15$ implies that $3|d$, so only $9$ may work. Hence, the four terms are $18,\ 27,\ 36,\ 48$, which indeed fits the given conditions. Their sum is $\boxed{129}$.


Postscript

As another option, $3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d$ could be rewritten as follows:


$d(3a + 4d) = 30(a + d)$


$d(3a + 3d)+ d^2 = 30(a + d)$


$3d(a + d)+ d^2 = 30(a + d)$


$(3d - 30)(a + d)+ d^2 = 0$


$3(d - 10)(a + d)+ d^2 = 0$


This gives another way to prove $d<10$, and when rewritten one last time:


$3(10 -d)(a + d) = d^2$


shows that $d$ must contain a factor of 3.


-jackshi2006

EDIT by NealShrestha: Note that once we reach $3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d$ this implies $3|d$ since all other terms are congruent to $0\mod 3$.

Solution 2

The sequence is of the form $a-d,$ $a,$ $a+d,$ $\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}$. Since the first and last terms differ by 30, we have \[\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}-a+d=30\] \[d^2+3ad=30a\] \[d^2+3ad-30a=0\] \[d=\frac{-3a + \sqrt{9a^2+120a}}{2}.\] Let $9a^2+120a=x^2$, where $x$ is an integer. This yields the following: \[9a^2+120a-x^2=0\] \[a=\frac{-120 + \sqrt{14400+36x^2}}{18}\] \[a=\frac{-20 + \sqrt{400+x^2}}{3}.\] We then set $400+x^2=y^2$, where $y$ is an integer. Factoring using difference of squares, we have \[400=2^4 \cdot 5^2=(y+x)(y-x).\] Then, noticing that $y+x > y-x$, we set up several systems of equations involving the factors of $400$. The second system we set up in this manner, \[y+x=2^3 \cdot 5^2\] \[y-x=2,\] yields the solution $y=101, x=99$. Plugging back in, we get that $a=27 \implies d=9$, so the sequence is $18,$ $27,$ $36,$ $48,$ and the answer is $\boxed{129}.$

  • Note: we do not have to check the other systems since the $x$ and $y$ values obtained via this system yield integers for $a$, $d$, and this must be the only possible answer since this is an AIME problem. We got very lucky in this sense :)

-Fasolinka

Solution 3 (Guesswork)

We represent the values as $a-d$, $a$, $a+d$, and $\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}$ Take the difference between the first and last values \[\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}-a+d=30\] Manipulating the values by expanding and then long division we see \[\frac{a^2+2ad+d^2}{a}-a+d=30\] \[\frac{(a+2d)a+d^2}{a}-a+d=30\] \[a+2d+\frac{d^2}{a}-a+d=30\] Combining like terms we get \[3d+\frac{d^2}{a}=30\] And looking at the values we know that since the second term must be positive (since both a and d are positive), $d$ must be a maximum of 9, which offers 9 possible values (since $d$ must be a positive integer.) We can resort to guesswork by this time, and thus receive the result of of $d=9$ at which $a=27$. The solution is thus $\boxed{129}.$

  • We could also lay down some further parameters for the value of $d$. as $a$ must be greater than $d$ (for the first term to be positive), we can substitite in a "borderline" value of a=d (which itself is just over the limit). This gives us:

\[3d+\frac{d^2}{d}=30\] \[3d+d=30\] \[4d=30\] Thus, d must be greater than 7.5, which gives us only 2 values left (8 and 9). We can then plug in any of the two to see if an integer value is attainable. In the end, 8 doesn't work and 9 does, which gives the solution of $\boxed{129}.$

  • Note: This solution is similar to Solution 2

-PMaldonado13

See also

2003 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 7 		Followed by
Problem 9
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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