2003 AIME I Problems/Problem 8

Problem 8

In an increasing sequence of four positive integers, the first three terms form an arithmetic progression, the last three terms form a geometric progression, and the first and fourth terms differ by $30$ . Find the sum of the four terms.

Solution

Denote the first term as $a$ , and the common difference between the first three terms as $d$ . The four numbers thus are in the form $a,\ a+d,\ a+2d,\ \frac{(a + 2d)^2}{a + d}$ .

Since the first and fourth terms differ by $30$ , we have that $\frac{(a + 2d)^2}{a + d} - a = 30$ . Multiplying out by the denominator, $(a^2 + 4ad + 4d^2) - a(a + d) = 30(a + d).$ This simplifies to $3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d$ , which upon rearranging yields $2d(2d - 15) = 3a(10 - d)$ .

Both $a$ and $d$ are positive integers, so $2d - 15$ and $10 - d$ must have the same sign. Try if they are both positive (notice if they are both negative, then $d > 10$ and $d < \frac{15}{2}$ , which is a contradiction). Then, $d = 8, 9$ . Directly substituting and testing shows that $d \neq 8$ , but that if $d = 9$ then $a = 18$ . Alternatively, note that $3|2d$ or $3|2d-15$ implies that $3|d$ , so only $9$ may work. Hence, the four terms are $18,\ 27,\ 36,\ 48$ , which indeed fits the given conditions. Their sum is $\boxed{129}$ .

Postscript

As another option, $3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d$ could be rewritten as follows:

$d(3a + 4d) = 30(a + d)$

$d(3a + 3d)+ d^2 = 30(a + d)$

$3d(a + d)+ d^2 = 30(a + d)$

$(3d - 30)(a + d)+ d^2 = 0$

$3(d - 10)(a + d)+ d^2 = 0$

This gives another way to prove $d<10$ , and when rewritten one last time:

$3(10 -d)(a + d) = d^2$

shows that $d$ must contain a factor of 3.

-jackshi2006

EDIT by NealShrestha: Note that once we reach $3ad + 4d^2 = 30a + 30d$ this implies $3|d$ since all other terms are congruent to $0\mod 3$ .

Solution 2

The sequence is of the form $a-d,$ $a,$ $a+d,$ $\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}$ . Since the first and last terms differ by 30, we have $\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}-a+d=30$ $d^2+3ad=30a$ $d^2+3ad-30a=0$ $d=\frac{-3a + \sqrt{9a^2+120a}}{2}.$ Let $9a^2+120a=x^2$ , where $x$ is an integer. This yields the following: $9a^2+120a-x^2=0$ $a=\frac{-120 + \sqrt{14400+36x^2}}{18}$ $a=\frac{-20 + \sqrt{400+x^2}}{3}.$ We then set $400+x^2=y^2$ , where $y$ is an integer. Factoring using difference of squares, we have $400=2^4 \cdot 5^2=(y+x)(y-x).$ Then, noticing that $y+x > y-x$ , we set up several systems of equations involving the factors of $400$ . The second system we set up in this manner, $y+x=2^3 \cdot 5^2$ $y-x=2,$ yields the solution $y=101, x=99$ . Plugging back in, we get that $a=27 \implies d=9$ , so the sequence is $18,$ $27,$ $36,$ $48,$ and the answer is $\boxed{129}.$

Note: we do not have to check the other systems since the $x$ and $y$ values obtained via this system yield integers for $a$ , $d$ , and this must be the only possible answer since this is an AIME problem. We got very lucky in this sense :)

-Fasolinka

Solution 3 (Guesswork)

We represent the values as $a-d$ , $a$ , $a+d$ , and $\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}$ Take the difference between the first and last values $\frac{(a+d)^2}{a}-a+d=30$ Manipulating the values by expanding and then long division we see $\frac{a^2+2ad+d^2}{a}-a+d=30$ $\frac{(a+2d)a+d^2}{a}-a+d=30$ $a+2d+\frac{d^2}{a}-a+d=30$ Combining like terms we get $3d+\frac{d^2}{a}=30$ And looking at the values we know that since the second term must be positive (since both a and d are positive), $d$ must be a maximum of 9, which offers 9 possible values (since $d$ must be a positive integer.) We can resort to guesswork by this time, and thus receive the result of of $d=9$ at which $a=27$ . The solution is thus $\boxed{129}.$

We could also lay down some further parameters for the value of $d$ . as $a$ must be greater than $d$ (for the first term to be positive), we can substitite in a "borderline" value of a=d (which itself is just over the limit). This gives us:

$3d+\frac{d^2}{d}=30$ $3d+d=30$ $4d=30$ Thus, d must be greater than 7.5, which gives us only 2 values left (8 and 9). We can then plug in any of the two to see if an integer value is attainable. In the end, 8 doesn't work and 9 does, which gives the solution of $\boxed{129}.$

Note: This solution is similar to Solution 2

-PMaldonado13

2003 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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2003 AIME I Problems/Problem 8

Contents

Problem 8

Solution

Solution 2

Solution 3 (Guesswork)

See also