1999 AIME Problems/Problem 9

In the complex plane, let $S$ be the set of complex numbers $z$ such that $\left| z + \frac{1}{z} \right| \le 2.$ Find the area of $S.$

Solution 1

Suppose we pick an arbitrary point on the complex plane, say $(1,1)$ . According to the definition of $f(z)$ , $f(1+i) = (a+bi)(1+i) = (a-b) + (a+b)i,$ this image must be equidistant to $(1,1)$ and $(0,0)$ . Thus the image must lie on the line with slope $-1$ and which passes through $\left(\frac 12, \frac12\right)$ , so its graph is $x + y = 1$ . Substituting $x = (a-b)$ and $y = (a+b)$ , we get $2a = 1 \Rightarrow a = \frac 12$ .

By the Pythagorean Theorem, we have $\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + b^2 = 8^2 \Longrightarrow b^2 = \frac{255}{4}$ , and the answer is $\boxed{259}$ .

Solution 2

Plugging in $z=1$ yields $f(1) = a+bi$ . This implies that $a+bi$ must fall on the line $Re(z)=a=\frac{1}{2}$ , given the equidistant rule. By $|a+bi|=8$ , we get $a^2 + b^2 = 64$ , and plugging in $a=\frac{1}{2}$ yields $b^2=\frac{255}{4}$ . The answer is thus $\boxed{259}$ .

Solution 3

We are given that $(a + bi)z$ is equidistant from the origin and $z.$ This translates to $\begin{eqnarray*} |(a + bi)z - z| & = & |(a + bi)z| \\ |z(a - 1 + bi)| & = & |z(a + bi)| \\ |z|\cdot|(a - 1) + bi| & = & |z|\cdot|a + bi| \\ |(a - 1) + bi| & = & |a + bi| \\ (a - 1)^2 + b^2 & = & a^2 + b^2 \\ & \Rightarrow & a = \frac 12 \end{eqnarray*}$ Since $|a + bi| = 8,$ $a^2 + b^2 = 64.$ Because $a = \frac 12,$ thus $b^2 = \frac {255}4.$ So the answer is $\boxed{259}$ .

Solution 4

Let $P$ and $Q$ be the points in the complex plane represented by $z$ and $(a+bi)z$ , respectively. $|a+bi| = 8$ implies $OQ = 8OP$ . Also, we are given $OQ = PQ$ , so $OPQ$ is isosceles with base $OP$ . Notice that the base angle of this isosceles triangle is equal to the argument $\theta$ of the complex number $a + bi$ , because $(a+bi)z$ forms an angle of $\theta$ with $z$ . Drop the altitude/median from $Q$ to base $OP$ , and you end up with a right triangle that shows $\cos \theta = \frac{\frac{1}{2}OP}{8OQ} = \frac{\frac{1}{2}|z|}{8|z|} = \frac{1}{16}$ . Since $a$ and $b$ are positive, $z$ lies in the first quadrant and $\theta < \pi/2$ ; hence by right triangle trigonometry $\sin \theta = \frac{\sqrt{255}}{16}$ . Finally, $b = |a+bi|\sin\theta = 8\frac{\sqrt{255}}{16} = \frac{\sqrt{255}}{2}$ , and $b^2 = \frac{255}{4}$ , so the answer is $259$ .

Solution 5

Similarly to in Solution 3, we see that $|(a + bi)z - z| = |(a + bi)z|$ . Letting the point $z = c + di$ , we have $\sqrt{(ab+bc-d)^2+(ac-bd-c)^2} = \sqrt{(ac-bd)^2+(ad+bc)^2}$ . Expanding both sides of this equation (after squaring, of course) and canceling terms, we get $(d^2+c^2)(-2a+1) = 0$ . Of course, $(d^2+c^2)$ can't be zero because this property of the function holds for all complex $z$ . Therefore, $a = \frac{1}{2}$ and we proceed as above to get $\boxed{259}$ .

~ anellipticcurveoverq

Solution 6

This is a solution that minimizes the use of complex numbers, turning this into an introductory algebra analytic geometry problem.

Consider any complex number $z=c+di$ . Let $z$ denote point $P$ on the complex plane. Then $P=(c,d)$ on the complex plane. The equation for the line $OP$ is $y=\frac{d}{c}x$ .

Let the image of point $P$ be $Q$ , after the point undergoes the function. Since each image is equidistant from the preimage and the origin, $Q$ must be on the perpendicular bisector of $OP$ .Given $z=c+di$ , $f(z)=(a+bi)(c+di)=(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)i$ . Then $Q=(ac-bd,ad+bc)$ . The midpoint of $OP$ is $(0.5c, 0.5d)$ . Since the slopes of two respectively nonvertical and nonhorizontal lines have a product of $-1$ , using the point-slope form, the equation of the perpendicular line to $OP$ is $y-0.5d=-\frac{c}{d}(x-0.5c)$ . Rearranging, we have $y=-\frac{cx}{d}+\frac{c^2}{2d}+\frac{d}{2}$ .

Since we know that $Q=(ac-bd,ad+bc)$ , thus we plug in $Q$ into the line: $ad+bc=-\frac{ac^2-bcd}{d}+\frac{c^2}{2d}+\frac{d}{2}$ .

Let's start canceling. $2ad^2+2bcd=-2ac^2+2bcd+c^2+d^2$ . Subtracting, $c^2+d^2-2ac^2=2ad^2$ . Thus $c^2+d^2=2ac^2+2ad^2$ . Since this is an identity for any $(c,d)$ , thus $2a=1$ . $a=\frac{1}{2}$ . Since $|a+bi|=8$ , thus $a^2+b^2=64$ (or simply think of $a+bi$ as the point $(a,b)$ , and $|a+bi|$ being the distance of $(a,b)$ to the origin). Thus plug in $a=\frac{1}{2}, b^2=\frac{255}{4}$ . Since $255$ and $4$ are relatively prime, the final result is $255+4=\boxed{259}$ .

~hastapasta

1999 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 8	Followed by Problem 10
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