1998 AIME Problems/Problem 10

Problem

Eight spheres of radius 100 are placed on a flat surface so that each sphere is tangent to two others and their centers are the vertices of a regular octagon. A ninth sphere is placed on the flat surface so that it is tangent to each of the other eight spheres. The radius of this last sphere is where and are positive integers, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find .

Solution

The key is to realize the significance that the figures are spheres, not circles. The 2D analogue of the diagram onto the flat surface will not contain 8 circles tangent to a ninth one; instead the circles will overlap since the middle sphere has a larger radius and will sort of “bulge” out.

Let us examine the relation between one of the outside 8 spheres and the center one (with radius ):

If we draw the segment containing the centers and the radii perpendicular to the flat surface, we get a trapezoid; if we draw the segment parallel to the surface that connects the center of the smaller sphere to the radii of the larger, we get a right triangle. Call that segment . Then by the Pythagorean Theorem:

Now let us examine the top view again:

is the distance from one of the vertices of the octagon to the center, so the diagonal of the octagon is of length . We can draw another right triangle as shown above. One leg has a length of . The other can be found by partitioning the leg into three sections and using s to see that the leg is . Pythagorean Theorem:

Thus .