2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 3

Problem

For a point $P = (a, a^2)$ in the coordinate plane, let $\ell(P)$ denote the line passing through $P$ with slope $2a$ . Consider the set of triangles with vertices of the form $P_1 = (a_1, a_1^2)$ , $P_2 = (a_2, a_2^2)$ , $P_3 = (a_3, a_3^2)$ , such that the intersections of the lines $\ell(P_1)$ , $\ell(P_2)$ , $\ell(P_3)$ form an equilateral triangle $\triangle$ . Find the locus of the center of $\triangle$ as $P_1P_2P_3$ ranges over all such triangles.

Solution

Note that all the points $P=(a,a^2)$ belong to the parabola $y=x^2$ which we will denote $p$ . This parabola has a focus $F=\left(0,\frac{1}{4}\right)$ and directrix $y=-\frac{1}{4}$ which we will denote $d$ . We will prove that the desired locus is $d$ .

First note that for any point $P$ on $p$ , the line $\ell(P)$ is the tangent line to $p$ at $P$ . This is because $\ell(P)$ contains $P$ and because $[\frac{d}{dx}] x^2=2x$ . If you don't like calculus, you can also verify that $\ell(P)$ has equation $y=2a(x-a)+a^2$ and does not intersect $y=x^2$ at any point besides $P$ . Now for any point $P$ on $p$ let $P'$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $P$ onto $d$ . Then by the definition of parabolas, $PP'=PF$ . Let $q$ be the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{P'F}$ . Since $PP'=PF$ , $q$ passes through $P$ . Suppose $K$ is any other point on $q$ and let $K'$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $K$ to $d$ . Then in right $\Delta KK'P'$ , $KK'$ is a leg and so $KK'<KP'=KF$ . Therefore $K$ cannot be on $p$ . This implies that $q$ is exactly the tangent line to $p$ at $P$ , that is $q=\ell(P)$ . So we have proved Lemma 1: If $P$ is a point on $p$ then $\ell(P)$ is the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{P'F}$ .

We need another lemma before we proceed. Lemma 2: If $F$ is on the circumcircle of $\Delta XYZ$ with orthocenter $H$ , then the reflections of $F$ across $\overleftrightarrow{XY}$ , $\overleftrightarrow{XZ}$ , and $\overleftrightarrow{YZ}$ are collinear with $H$ .

Proof of Lemma 2: Say the reflections of $F$ and $H$ across $\overleftrightarrow{YZ}$ are $C'$ and $J$ , and the reflections of $F$ and $H$ across $\overleftrightarrow{XY}$ are $A'$ and $I$ . Then we angle chase $\angle JYZ=\angle HYZ=\angle HXZ=\angle JXZ=m(JZ)/2$ where $m(JZ)$ is the measure of minor arc $JZ$ on the circumcircle of $\Delta XYZ$ . This implies that $J$ is on the circumcircle of $\Delta XYZ$ , and similarly $I$ is on the circumcircle of $\Delta XYZ$ . Therefore $\angle C'HJ=\angle FJH=m(XF)/2$ , and $\angle A'HX=\angle FIX=m(FX)/2$ . So $\angle C'HJ = \angle A'HX$ . Since $J$ , $H$ , and $X$ are collinear it follows that $C'$ , $H$ and $A'$ are collinear. Similarly, the reflection of $F$ over $\overleftrightarrow{XZ}$ also lies on this line, and so the claim is proved.

Now suppose $A$ , $B$ , and $C$ are three points of $p$ and let $\ell(A)\cap\ell(B)=X$ , $\ell(A)\cap\ell(C)=Y$ , and $\ell(B)\cap\ell(C)=Z$ . Also let $A''$ , $B''$ , and $C''$ be the midpoints of $\overline{A'F}$ , $\overline{B'F}$ , and $\overline{C'F}$ respectively. Then since $\overleftrightarrow{A''B''}\parallel \overline{A'B'}=d$ and $\overleftrightarrow{B''C''}\parallel \overline{B'C'}=d$ , it follows that $A''$ , $B''$ , and $C''$ are collinear. By Lemma 1, we know that $A''$ , $B''$ , and $C''$ are the feet of the altitudes from $F$ to $\overline{XY}$ , $\overline{XZ}$ , and $\overline{YZ}$ . Therefore by the Simson Line Theorem, $F$ is on the circumcircle of $\Delta XYZ$ . If $H$ is the orthocenter of $\Delta XYZ$ , then by Lemma 2, it follows that $H$ is on $\overleftrightarrow{A'C'}=d$ . It follows that the locus described in the problem is a subset of $d$ .

Since we claim that the locus described in the problem is $d$ , we still need to show that for any choice of $H$ on $d$ there exists an equilateral triangle with center $H$ such that the lines containing the sides of the triangle are tangent to $p$ . So suppose $H$ is any point on $d$ and let the circle centered at $H$ through $F$ be $O$ . Then suppose $A$ is one of the intersections of $d$ with $O$ . Let $\angle HFA=3\theta$ , and construct the ray through $F$ on the same halfplane of $\overleftrightarrow{HF}$ as $A$ that makes an angle of $2\theta$ with $\overleftrightarrow{HF}$ . Say this ray intersects $O$ in a point $B$ besides $F$ , and let $q$ be the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{HB}$ . Since $\angle HFB=2\theta$ and $\angle HFA=3\theta$ , we have $\angle BFA=\theta$ . By the inscribed angles theorem, it follows that $\angle AHB=2\theta$ . Also since $HF$ and $HB$ are both radii, $\Delta HFB$ is isosceles and $\angle HBF=\angle HFB=2\theta$ . Let $P_1'$ be the reflection of $F$ across $q$ . Then $2\theta=\angle FBH=\angle C'HB$ , and so $\angle C'HB=\angle AHB$ . It follows that $P_1'$ is on $\overleftrightarrow{AH}=d$ , which means $q$ is the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{FP_1'}$ .

Let $q$ intersect $O$ in points $Y$ and $Z$ and let $X$ be the point diametrically opposite to $B$ on $O$ . Also let $\overline{HB}$ intersect $q$ at $M$ . Then $HM=HB/2=HZ/2$ . Therefore $\Delta HMZ$ is a $30-60-90$ right triangle and so $\angle ZHB=60^{\circ}$ . So $\angle ZHY=120^{\circ}$ and by the inscribed angles theorem, $\angle ZXY=60^{\circ}$ . Since $ZX=ZY$ it follows that $\Delta ZXY$ is and equilateral triangle with center $H$ .

By Lemma 2, it follows that the reflections of $F$ across $\overleftrightarrow{XY}$ and $\overleftrightarrow{XZ}$ , call them $P_2'$ and $P_3'$ , lie on $d$ . Let the intersection of $\overleftrightarrow{YZ}$ and the perpendicular to $d$ through $P_1'$ be $P_1$ , the intersection of $\overleftrightarriw{XY}$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg) and the perpendicular to $d$ through $P_2'$ be $P_2$ , and the intersection of $\overleftrightarrow{XZ}$ and the perpendicular to $d$ through $P_3'$ be $P_3$ . Then by the definitions of $P_1'$ , $P_2'$ , and $P_3'$ it follows that $FP_i=P_iP_i'$ for $i=1,2,3$ and so $P_1$ , $P_2$ , and $P_3$ are on $p$ . By lemma 1, $\ell(P_1)=\overleftrightarrow{YZ}$ , $\ell(P_2)=\overleftrightarrow{XY}$ , and $\ell(P_3)=\overleftrightarrow{XZ}$ . Therefore the intersections of $\ell(P_1)$ , $\ell(P_2)$ , and $\ell(P_3)$ form an equilateral triangle with center $H$ , which finishes the proof. --Killbilledtoucan The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.

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2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 3

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