Group

A group $G$ is a set of elements together with an operation $\cdot:G\times G\to G$ (the dot is frequently supressed, so $ab$ is written instead of $a\cdot b$ ) satisfying the following conditions:

For all $a,b,c\in G$ , $a(bc)=(ab)c$ (associativity).
There exists an element $e\in G$ so that for all $g\in G$ , $ge=eg=g$ (identity).
For any $g\in G$ , there exists $g^{-1}\in G$ so that $gg^{-1}=g^{-1}g=e$ ( inverses).

(Equivalently, a group is a monoid with inverses.)

Note that the group operation need not be commutative. If the group operation is commutative, we call the group an abelian group (after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel).

Groups frequently arise as permutations or symmetries of collections of objects. For example, the rigid motions of $\mathbb{R}^2$ that fix a certain regular $n$ -gon is a group, called the dihedral group and denoted in some texts $D_{2n}$ (since it has $2n$ elements) and in others $D_n$ (since it preserves a regular $n$ -gon). Another example of a group is the symmetric group $S_n$ of all permutations of $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ .

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Group

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