2006 IMO Problems/Problem 4

Problem

Determine all pairs $(x, y)$ of integers such that $1+2^{x}+2^{2x+1}= y^{2}.$

Solution

If $(x,y)$ is a solution then obviously $x\geq 0$ and $(x,-y)$ is a solution too. For $x=0$ we get the two solutions $(0,2)$ and $(0,-2)$ .

Now let $(x,y)$ be a solution with $x > 0$ ; without loss of generality confine attention to $y > 0$ . The equation rewritten as $2^x(1+2^{x+1}) = (y-1)(y+1)$ shows that the factors $y-1$ and $y+1$ are even, exactly one of them divisible by $4$ . Hence $x\geq 3$ and one of these factors is divisible by $2^{x-1}$ but not by $2^x$ . So $y = 2^{x-1}m + \varepsilon, \qquad m\text{ odd},\qquad \varepsilon = \pm 1.\qquad\qquad(*)$ Plugging this into the original equation we obtain $2^x(1+2^{x+1}) = (2^{x+1}m + \varepsilon)^2 - 1 = 2^{2x-2}m^2 + 2^xm\varepsilon,$ or, equivalently $1 + 2^{x+1} = 2^{x-2}m^2 + m\varepsilon.$ Therefore $1 - \varepsilon m = 2^{x-2}(m^2 - 8).\qquad(\dagger)$ For $\varepsilon = 1$ this yields $m^2 - 8 < 0$ , i.e. $m=1$ , which fails to satisfy $(\dagger)$ . For $\varepsilon = -1$ equation $(\dagger)$ gives us $1 + m = 2^{x-2}(m^2 - 8) \geq 2(m^2 - 8),$ implying $2m^2 - m - 17 \leq 0$ . Hence $m\leq 3$ ; on the other hand $m$ cannot be $1$ by $(\dagger)$ . Because $m$ is odd, we obtain $m=3$ , leading to $x=4$ . From $(*)$ we get $y=23$ . These values indeed satisfy the given equation. Recall that then $y = -23$ is also good. Thus we have the complete list of solutions $(x,y)$ : $(0,2)$ , $(0,-2)$ , $(4,23)$ , $(4,-23)$ .

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2006 IMO Problems/Problem 4

Problem

Solution