1999 AIME Problems/Problem 14

Problem

Point $P_{}$ is located inside triangle $ABC$ so that angles $PAB, PBC,$ and $PCA$ are all congruent. The sides of the triangle have lengths $AB=13, BC=14,$ and $CA=15,$ and the tangent of angle $PAB$ is $m/n,$ where $m_{}$ and $n_{}$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n.$

Solution

$[asy] real theta = 29.66115; /* arctan(168/295) to five decimal places .. don't know other ways to construct Brocard */ pathpen = black +linewidth(0.65); pointpen = black; pair A=(0,0),B=(13,0),C=IP(circle(A,15),circle(B,14)); D(MP("A",A)--MP("B",B)--MP("C",C,N)--cycle); /* constructing P, C is there as check */ pair Aa=A+(B-A)*dir(theta),Ba=B+(C-B)*dir(theta),Ca=C+(A-C)*dir(theta), P=IP(A--Aa,B--Ba); D(A--MP("P",P,NW)--B);D(P--C); D(anglemark(B,A,P,30));D(anglemark(C,B,P,30));D(anglemark(A,C,P,30)); MP("13",(A+B)/2,S);MP("15",(A+C)/2,NW);MP("14",(C+B)/2,NE); [/asy]$

Solution 1

Drop perpendiculars from $P$ to the three sides of $\triangle ABC$ and let them meet $\overline{AB}, \overline{BC},$ and $\overline{CA}$ at $D, E,$ and $F$ respectively.

$[asy] import olympiad; real theta = 29.66115; /* arctan(168/295) to five decimal places .. don't know other ways to construct Brocard */ pathpen = black +linewidth(0.65); pointpen = black; pair A=(0,0),B=(13,0),C=IP(circle(A,15),circle(B,14)); D(MP("A",A)--MP("B",B)--MP("C",C,N)--cycle); /* constructing P, C is there as check */ pair Aa=A+(B-A)*dir(theta),Ba=B+(C-B)*dir(theta),Ca=C+(A-C)*dir(theta), P=IP(A--Aa,B--Ba); D(A--MP("P",P,SSW)--B);D(P--C); D(anglemark(B,A,P,30));D(anglemark(C,B,P,30));D(anglemark(A,C,P,30)); MP("13",(A+B)/2,S);MP("15",(A+C)/2,NW);MP("14",(C+B)/2,NE); /* constructing D,E,F as foot of perps from P */ pair D=foot(P,A,B),E=foot(P,B,C),F=foot(P,C,A); D(MP("D",D,NE)--P--MP("E",E,SSW),dashed);D(P--MP("F",F),dashed); D(rightanglemark(P,E,C,15));D(rightanglemark(P,F,C,15));D(rightanglemark(P,D,A,15)); [/asy]$

Let $BE = x, CF = y,$ and $AD = z$ . We have that $\begin{align*}DP&=z\tan\theta\\ EP&=x\tan\theta\\ FP&=y\tan\theta\end{align*}$ We can then use the tool of calculating area in two ways $\begin{align*}[ABC]&=[PAB]+[PBC]+[PCA]\\ &=\frac{1}{2}(13)(z\tan\theta)+\frac{1}{2}(14)(x\tan\theta)+\frac{1}{2}(15)(y\tan\theta)\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\tan\theta(13z+14x+15y)\end{align*}$ On the other hand, $\begin{align*}[ABC]&=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}\\ &=\sqrt{21\cdot6\cdot7\cdot8}\\ &=84\end{align*}$ We still need $13z+14x+15y$ though. We have all these right triangles and we haven't even touched Pythagoras. So we give it a shot: $\begin{align}x^2+x^2\tan^2\theta&=z^2\tan^2\theta+(13-z)^2\\ z^2+z^2\tan^2\theta&=y^2\tan^2\theta+(15-y)^2\\ y^2+y^2\tan^2\theta&=x^2\tan^2\theta+(14-x)^2\end{align}$ Adding $(1) + (2) + (3)$ gives $\begin{align*}x^2+y^2+z^2&=(14-x)^2+(15-y)^2+(13-z)^2\\ \Rightarrow13z+14x+15y&=295\end{align*}$ Recall that we found that $[ABC]=\frac{1}{2}\tan\theta(13z+14x+15y)=84$ . Plugging in $13z+14x+15y=295$ , we get $\tan\theta=\frac{168}{295}$ , giving us $\boxed{463}$ for an answer.

Solution 2

Let $AB=c$ , $BC=a$ , $AC=b$ , $PA=x$ , $PB=y$ , and $PC=z$ .

So by the Law of Cosines, we have: $\begin{align*}x^2 &= z^2 + b^2 - 2bz\cos{\theta}\\ y^2 &= x^2 + c^2 - 2cx\cos{\theta}\\ z^2 &= y^2 + a^2 - 2ay\cos{\theta}\end{align*}$ Adding these equations and rearranging, we have: $a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = (2bz + 2cx + 2ay)\cos{\theta}\qquad(1)$ Now $[CAP] + [ABP] + [BCP] = [ABC] = \sqrt {(21)(8)(7)(6)} = 84$ , by Heron's formula.

Now the area of a triangle, $[A] = \frac {mn\sin{\beta}}{2}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are sides on either side of an angle, $\beta$ . So, $\begin{align*}[CAP] &= \frac {bz\sin{\theta}}{2}\\ [ABP] &= \frac {cx\sin{\theta}}{2}\\ [BCP] &= \frac {ay\sin{\theta}}{2}\end{align*}$ Adding these equations yields: $\begin{align*}[ABC]= 84 &= \frac {(bz + cx + ay)\sin{\theta}}{2}\\ \Rightarrow 168&= (bz + cx + ay)\sin{\theta}\qquad (2)\end{align*}$ Dividing $(2)$ by $(1)$ , we have: $\begin{align*}\frac {168}{a^2 + b^2 + c^2} &= \frac {(bz + cx + ay)\sin{\theta}}{(2bz + 2cx + 2ay)\cos{\theta}}\\ \Rightarrow \tan{\theta} = \frac {336}{a^2 + b^2 + c^2} &= \frac {336}{14^2 + 15^2 + 13^2} = \frac {336}{590} = \frac {168}{295}\end{align*}$ Thus, $m + n = 168 + 295 = \boxed{463}$ .

Note: In fact, this problem is unfairly easy to those who happen to have learned about Brocard point. The Brocard Angle is given by $cot(\theta)=\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{4\Delta}$

Solution 3

Let $\angle{PAB} = \angle{PBC} = \angle{PCA} = x.$ Then, using Law of Cosines on the three triangles containing vertex $P,$ we have $\begin{align*} b^2 &= a^2 + 169 - 26a \cos x \\ c^2 &= b^2 + 196 - 28b \cos x \\ a^2 &= c^2 + 225 - 30c \cos x. \end{align*}$ Add the three equations up and rearrange to obtain $(13a + 14b + 15c) \cos x = 295.$ Also, using $[ABC] = \frac{1}{2}ab \sin \angle C$ we have $[ABC] = [APB] + [BPC] + [CPA] = \dfrac{\sin x}{2}(13a + 14b + 15c) = 84 \iff (13a + 14b + 15c) \sin x = 168.$ Divide the two equations to obtain $\tan x = \frac{168}{295} \iff \boxed{463}.~\square$

Solution 4

By splitting the triangle down its altitude, we get a $5,12,13$ and $9,12,15$ triangle. Then $\angle{ABC} = \acos{\frac{5}{13}}$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg) and $\angle{ACB} = \acos{\frac{3}{5}}$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg). We do this similarly for $\angle CAB$ using Law of Cosine, this is $\acos{\frac{33}{65}}$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg). Now use Law of Sine on triangle $PCA$ . We find that $\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{AP} = \frac{\sin{\angle{CPA}}}{15}$ . Substituting values in we get $\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{AP} = \frac{\frac{56}{65}}{15}$ . Similar expression for triangle $BPA$ , relating expression for $AP$ on that side gets us 2 equation 2 unknown for $\alpha$ and $AP$ . Solving for the tangent of alpha, we get $\frac{168}{295} = \boxed{463}$ .

1999 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 13	Followed by Problem 15
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
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