1959 IMO Problems/Problem 4

Problem

Construct a right triangle with a given hypotenuse $c$ such that the median drawn to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the two legs of the triangle.

Solutions

We denote the catheti of the triangle as $a$ and $b$ . We also observe the well-known fact that in a right triangle, the median to the hypotenuse is of half the length of the hypotenuse. (This is true because if we inscribe the triangle in a circle, the hypotenuse is the diameter, so a segment from any point on the circle to the midpoint of the hypotenuse is a radius.)

Solution 1

The conditions of the problem require that

$ab = \frac{c^2}{4}.$

However, we notice that twice the area of the triangle $abc$ is $ab$ , since $a$ and $b$ form a right angle. However, twice the area of the triangle is also the product of $c$ and the altitude to $c$ . Hence the altitude to $c$ must have length $\frac{c}{4}$ . Therefore if we construct a circle with diameter $c$ and a line parallel to $c$ and of distance $\frac{c}{4}$ from $c$ , either point of intersection between the line and the circle will provide a suitable third vertex for the triangle. Q.E.D.

Solution 2

We denote the angle between $b$ and $c$ as $\alpha$ . The problem requires that

$ab = \frac{c^2}{4},$

or, equivalently, that

$2 \frac{ab}{c^2} = \frac{1}{2}.$

However, since $\frac{a}{c} = \sin{\alpha};\; \frac{b}{c} = \cos{\alpha}$ , we can rewrite the condition as

$2\sin{\alpha}\cos{\alpha} = \frac{1}{2},$

or, equivalently, as

$\sin{2\alpha} = \frac{1}{2}.$

From this it becomes apparent that $2\alpha = \frac{\pi}{6}$ or $\frac{5\pi}{6}$ ; hence the other two angles in the triangle must be $\frac{ \pi }{12}$ and $\frac{ 5 \pi }{12}$ , which are not difficult to construct. Q.E.D.

Note. It is not difficult to reconcile these two constructions. Indeed, we notice that the altitude of the triangle is of length $c \sin{\alpha}\cos{\alpha}$ , which both of the solutions set equal to $\frac{c}{4}$ .

Solution 3

If we let the legs be $a$ and $b$ with $a < b$ , then $c^2 = a^2 + b^2$ . Because $4c^2 = a^2 b^2$ as well, we immediately deduce via some short computations that $a = (2 - \sqrt{3})b$ . Thus, $\frac{a}{b} = \tan 15^\circ$ , and so one of the angles of the triangle must be $15^\circ$ . But a $15^\circ$ angle is easily constructed by bisecting a $30^\circ$ angle (which is formed by constructing the altitude of an equilateral triangle), and from there it is not difficult to construct the desired right triangle.

{{alternate solutions}

1959 IMO (Problems) • Resources
Preceded by Problem 3	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6	Followed by Problem 5
All IMO Problems and Solutions

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