Combinatorics
Combinatorics is the study of counting. Different kinds of counting problems can be approached by a variety of techniques.
Contents
Introductory combinatorics
Lists -- the beginning
Consider the task of counting the number of integers between 14 and 103 inclusive. We could simply list those integers and count them. However, we can renumber those integers so that they correspond to the counting numbers (positive integers), starting with 1. In this correspondence, 14 corresponds to 1 (for the 1st integer in the list), 15 with 2, 16 with 3, etc. The relationship between the members of each pair is that the second is 13 less than the first. So, we we know that 103 corresponds to the 103 - 13 = 90th integer in the list. Thus the list is 90 integers long.
Note that 
, or 1 less than the first integer in the list. If we start our list with n and end with 
, the number of integers in the list is
Introductory Topics
The following topics help shape an introduction to counting techniques:
- Venn diagram
- Combinations
- Permutations
- Overcounting
- Complementary counting
- Casework
- Constructive counting
- Committee forming
- Pascal's triangle
- Combinatorial identities
- Binomial theorem
Intermediate Topics
- Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion
- Conditional Probability
- Recursion
- Correspondence
- Generating functions
- Partitions
- Geometric probability
