2023 AIME I Problems/Problem 5

Problem (not official; when the official problem statement comes out, please update this page; to ensure credibility until the official problem statement comes out, please add an O if you believe this is correct and add an X if you believe this is incorrect):

Let there be a circle circumscribing a square ABCD, and let P be a point on the circle. PA*PC = 56, PB*PD = 90. What is the area of the square?

Solution

We may assume that $P$ is between $B$ and $C$ . Let $PA = a$ , $PB = b$ , $PC = C$ , $PD = d$ , and $AB = s$ . We have $a^2 + c^2 = AC^2 = 2s^2$ , because $AC$ is a diagonal. Similarly, $b^2 + d^2 = 2s^2$ . Therefore, $(a+c)^2 = a^2 + c^2 + 2ac = 2s^2 + 2(56) = 2s^2 + 112$ . Similarly, $(b+d)^2 = 2s^2 + 180$ .

By Ptolemy's Theorem on $PCDA$ , $as + cs = ds\sqrt{2}$ , and therefore $a + c = d\sqrt{2}$ . By Ptolemy's on $PBAD$ , $bs + ds = as\sqrt{2}$ , and therefore $b + d = a\sqrt{2}$ . By squaring both equations, we obtain

$2d^2 = (a+c)^2 = 2s^2 + 112$ $2a^2 = (b+d)^2 = 2s^2 + 180.$

Thus, $a^2 = s^2 + 90$ , and $d^2 = s^2 + 56$ . Plugging these values into $a^2 + c^2 = b^2 + d^2 = 2s^2$ , we obtain $c^2 = s^2 - 90$ , and $b^2 = s^2 - 56$ . Now, we can solve using $a$ and $c$ (though using $b$ and $d$ yields the same solution for $s$ ).

$(\sqrt{s^2 + 90})(\sqrt{s^2 - 90}) = ac = 56$ $(s^2 + 90)(s^2 - 90) = 56^2$ $s^4 = 90^2 + 56^2 = 106^2$ $s^2 = 106.$

The answer is $\boxed{106}$ .

~mathboy100

Solution 2 (Trigonometry)

Drop a height from point P to line AC and BC. Call these two points to be X and Y, respectively. Notice that the intersection of the diagonals of square ABCD meets at a right angle and at the center of the circumcircle, call this intersection point O. Since OXPY is a rectangle, OX is the distance from P to line BD. We know the that tan(YOX) = PX/XO = 28/45 by triangle area and given information. Then, notice that the measure of angle OCP is half of the angle of angle XOY. Using half angle formula for tangent, we get that tan(OCP) = -7/2 or 2/7. Since this value must be positive, we pick 2/7. Then, PA/PC = 2/7 (since triangle CAP is a right triangle with AC also the diameter of the circumcircle) and PA * PC = 56. Solving we get PA = 4, PC = 14, giving us a diagonal of length sqrt(212) and area 106.

Solution 3 (Analytic geometry)

Denote by $x$ the half length of each side of the square. We put the square to the coordinate plane, with $A = \left( x, x \right)$ , $B = \left( - x , x \right)$ , $C = \left( - x , - x \right)$ , $D = \left( x , - x \right)$ .

The radius of the circumcircle of $ABCD$ is $\sqrt{2} x$ . Denote by $\theta$ the argument of point $P$ on the circle. Thus, the coordinates of $P$ are $P = \left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta , \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta \right)$ .

Thus, the equations $PA \cdot PC = 56$ and $PB \cdot PD = 90$ can be written as $\begin{align*} \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta - x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta - x \right)^2} \cdot \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta + x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta + x \right)^2} & = 56 \\ \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta + x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta - x \right)^2} \cdot \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{2} x \cos \theta - x \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} x \sin \theta + x \right)^2} & = 90 \end{align*}$

These equations can be reformulated as $\begin{align*} x^4 \left( 4 - 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta + \sin \theta \right) \right) \left( 4 + 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta + \sin \theta \right) \right) & = 56^2 \\ x^4 \left( 4 + 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta - \sin \theta \right) \right) \left( 4 - 2 \sqrt{2} \left( \cos \theta - \sin \theta \right) \right) & = 90^2 \end{align*}$

These equations can be reformulated as $\begin{align*} 2 x^4 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \theta \sin \theta \right) & = 28^2 \hspace{1cm} (1) \\ 2 x^4 \left( 1 + 2 \cos \theta \sin \theta \right) & = 45^2 \hspace{1cm} (2) \end{align*}$

Taking $\frac{(1)}{(2)}$ , by solving the equation, we get $2 \cos \theta \sin \theta = \frac{45^2 - 28^2}{45^2 + 28^2} . \hspace{1cm} (3)$

Plugging (3) into (1), we get $\begin{align*} {\rm Area} \ ABCD & = \left( 2 x \right)^2 \\ & = 4 \sqrt{\frac{28^2}{2 \left( 1 - 2 \cos \theta \sin \theta \right)}} \\ & = 2 \sqrt{45^2 + 28^2} \\ & = 2 \cdot 53 \\ & = \boxed{\textbf{(106) }} . \end{align*}$

Solution 4 (Law of Cosines)

WLOG, let $P$ be on minor arc $\overarc {AB}$ . Let $r$ and $O$ be the radius and center of the circumcircle respectively, and let $\theta = \angle AOP$ .

By the Pythagorean Theorem, the area of the square is $2r^2$ . We can use the Law of Cosines on isosceles triangles $\triangle AOP, \, \triangle COP, \, \triangle BOP, \, \triangle DOP$ to get

$\begin{align*} PA^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos \theta), \\ PC^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos (180 - \theta)) = 2r^2(1 + \cos \theta), \\ PB^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos (90 - \theta)) = 2r^2(1 - \sin \theta), \\ PD^2 &= 2r^2(1 - \cos (90 + \theta)) = 2r^2(1 + \sin \theta). \end{align*}$

Taking the products of the first two and last two equations, respectively, $56^2 = (PA \cdot PC)^2 = 4r^4(1 - \cos \theta)(1 + \cos \theta) = 4r^4(1 - \cos^2 \theta) = 4r^4 \sin^2 \theta,$ and $90^2 = (PB \cdot PD)^2 = 4r^4(1 - \sin \theta)(1 + \sin \theta) = 4r^4(1 - \sin^2 \theta) = 4r^4 \cos^2 \theta.$ Adding these equations, $56^2 + 90^2 = 4r^4,$ so $2r^2 = \sqrt{56^2+90^2} = 2\sqrt{28^2+45^2} = 2\sqrt{2809} = 2 \cdot 53 = \boxed{106}.$ ~OrangeQuail9

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2023 AIME I Problems/Problem 5

Contents

Solution

Solution 2 (Trigonometry)

Solution 3 (Analytic geometry)

Solution 4 (Law of Cosines)