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Difference between revisions of "1995 AIME Problems/Problem 12"
(Fixed the Asymptote error by copying the diagram from the AIME A class.)
Line 6: Line 6:
 
=== Solution 1 (trigonometry) ===
 
=== Solution 1 (trigonometry) ===
 
<center><asy>
 
<center><asy>
−
size(220); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)); currentprojection = perspective(5,3,2);
 
 
import three;
 
import three;
−
triple A = (1,0,0), B=(0,0,0), C=(0,1,0), D=(1,1,0), O=(1,1,(1+2^.5)^.5)/2^.5, P=O*(1-.5^.5); /* , P = foot(A, O, B) */
+
 
−
draw(A--B--C--D--A--O--B--O--C--O--D); draw(A--C,linewidth(0.6)); D(A--P--C); MP("A",A);MP("B",B);MP("C",C);MP("D",D);MP("P",P,NW);MP("\theta",P,(0.5,-4));MP("45^{\circ}",O,(2,-6)); MP("O",O,N);  
+
// calculate intersection of line and plane
−
draw(rightanglemark(C,P,O,2)); draw(anglemark(A,P,C,3)); draw(anglemark(D,O,C,3));
+
// p = point on line
 +
// d = direction of line
 +
// q = point in plane
 +
// n = normal to plane
 +
triple lineintersectplan(triple p, triple d, triple q, triple n)
 +
{
 +
return (p + dot(n,q - p)/dot(n,d)*d);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
// projection of point A onto line BC
 +
triple projectionofpointontoline(triple A, triple B, triple C)
 +
{
 +
return lineintersectplan(B, B - C, A, B - C);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
currentprojection=perspective(2,1,1);
 +
 
 +
triple A, B, C, D, O, P;
 +
 
 +
A = (sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0);
 +
B = (-sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0);
 +
C = (-sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), -sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0);
 +
D = (sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), -sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0);
 +
O = (0,0,sqrt(2*sqrt(2)));
 +
P = projectionofpointontoline(A,O,B);
 +
 
 +
draw(D--A--B);
 +
draw(B--C--D,dashed);
 +
draw(A--O);
 +
draw(B--O);
 +
draw(C--O,dashed);
 +
draw(D--O);
 +
draw(A--P);
 +
draw(P--C,dashed);
 +
 
 +
label("$A$", A, S);
 +
label("$B$", B, E);
 +
label("$C$", C, NW);
 +
label("$D$", D, W);
 +
label("$O$", O, N);
 +
dot("$P$", P, NE);
 
</asy></center>
 
</asy></center>
  

Revision as of 19:15, 4 September 2017

Problem

Pyramid $OABCD$ has square base $ABCD,$ congruent edges $\overline{OA}, \overline{OB}, \overline{OC},$ and $\overline{OD},$ and $\angle AOB=45^\circ.$ Let $\theta$ be the measure of the dihedral angle formed by faces $OAB$ and $OBC.$ Given that $\cos \theta=m+\sqrt{n},$ where $m_{}$ and $n_{}$ are integers, find $m+n.$

Solution

Solution 1 (trigonometry)

[asy] import three; // calculate intersection of line and plane // p = point on line // d = direction of line // q = point in plane // n = normal to plane triple lineintersectplan(triple p, triple d, triple q, triple n) { return (p + dot(n,q - p)/dot(n,d)*d); } // projection of point A onto line BC triple projectionofpointontoline(triple A, triple B, triple C) { return lineintersectplan(B, B - C, A, B - C); } currentprojection=perspective(2,1,1); triple A, B, C, D, O, P; A = (sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0); B = (-sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0); C = (-sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), -sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0); D = (sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), -sqrt(2 - sqrt(2)), 0); O = (0,0,sqrt(2*sqrt(2))); P = projectionofpointontoline(A,O,B); draw(D--A--B); draw(B--C--D,dashed); draw(A--O); draw(B--O); draw(C--O,dashed); draw(D--O); draw(A--P); draw(P--C,dashed); label("$A$", A, S); label("$B$", B, E); label("$C$", C, NW); label("$D$", D, W); label("$O$", O, N); dot("$P$", P, NE); [/asy]

The angle $\theta$ is the angle formed by two perpendiculars drawn to $BO$, one on the plane determined by $OAB$ and the other by $OBC$. Let the perpendiculars from $A$ and $C$ to $\overline{OB}$ meet $\overline{OB}$ at $P.$ Without loss of generality, let $AP = 1.$ It follows that $\triangle OPA$ is a $45-45-90$ right triangle, so $OP = AP = 1,$ $OB = OA = \sqrt {2},$ and $AB = \sqrt {4 - 2\sqrt {2}}.$ Therefore, $AC = \sqrt {8 - 4\sqrt {2}}.$

From the Law of Cosines, $AC^{2} = AP^{2} + PC^{2} - 2(AP)(PC)\cos \theta,$ so

\[8 - 4\sqrt {2} = 1 + 1 - 2\cos \theta \Longrightarrow \cos \theta = - 3 + 2\sqrt {2} = - 3 + \sqrt{8}.\]

Thus $m + n = \boxed{005}$.

Solution 2 (analytical/vectors)

Without loss of generality, place the pyramid in a 3-dimensional coordinate system such that $A = (1,0,0),$ $B = (0,1,0),$ $C = ( - 1,0,0),$ $D = (0, - 1,0),$ and $O = (0,0,z),$ where $z$ is unknown.

We first find $z.$ Note that

\[\overrightarrow{OA}\cdot \overrightarrow{OB} = \parallel \overrightarrow{OA}\parallel \parallel \overrightarrow{OB}\parallel \cos 45^\circ.\]

Since $\overrightarrow{OA} =\, <1,0, - z>$ and $\overrightarrow{OB} =\, <0,1, - z> ,$ this simplifies to

\[z^{2}\sqrt {2} = 1 + z^{2}\implies z^{2} = 1 + \sqrt {2}.\]

Now let's find $\cos \theta.$ Let $\vec{u}$ and $\vec{v}$ be normal vectors to the planes containing faces $OAB$ and $OBC,$ respectively. From the definition of the dot product as $\vec{u}\cdot \vec{v} = \parallel \vec{u}\parallel \parallel \vec{v}\parallel \cos \theta$, we will be able to solve for $\cos \theta.$ A cross product yields (alternatively, it is simple to find the equation of the planes $OAB$ and $OAC$, and then to find their normal vectors)

\[\vec{u} = \overrightarrow{OA}\times \overrightarrow{OB} = \left| \begin{array}{ccc}\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ 1 & 0 & - z \\ 0 & 1 & - z \end{array}\right| =\, < z,z,1 > .\]

Similarly,

\[\vec{v} = \overrightarrow{OB}\times \overrightarrow{OC} - \left|\begin{array}{ccc}\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ 0 & 1 & - z \\ - 1 & 0 & - z \end{array}\right| =\, < - z,z,1 > .\]

Hence, taking the dot product of $\vec{u}$ and $\vec{v}$ yields

\[\cos \theta = \frac{ \vec{u} \cdot \vec{v} }{ \parallel \vec{u} \parallel \parallel \vec{v} \parallel } = \frac{- z^{2} + z^{2} + 1}{(\sqrt {1 + 2z^{2}})^{2}} = \frac {1}{3 + 2\sqrt {2}} = 3 - 2\sqrt {2} = 3 - \sqrt {8}.\]

Flipping the signs (we found the cosine of the supplement angle) yields $\cos \theta = - 3 + \sqrt {8},$ so the answer is $\boxed{005}$.

See also

1995 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 11 		Followed by
Problem 13
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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