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Difference between revisions of "2016 AIME II Problems/Problem 15"

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==Solution==
 
==Solution==
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Replace <math>\sum x_ix_j</math> with <math>\frac12\left(\left(\sum x_i\right)^2-\sum x_i^2\right)</math> and the second equation becomes <math>\sum\frac{x_i^2}{1-a_i}=\frac{1}{215}</math>. Conveniently, <math>\sum 1-a_i=215</math> so we get <math>\left(\sum 1-a_i\right)\left(\sum\frac{x_i^2}{1-a_i}\right)=1=\left(\sum x_i\right)^2</math>. This is the equality case of Cauchy so <math>x_i=c(1-a_i)</math> for some constant <math>c</math>. Using <math>\sum x_i=1</math>, we find <math>c=\frac{1}{215}</math> and thus <math>x_2=\frac{3}{860}</math>. Thus, the desired answer is <math>860+3=\boxed{863}</math>.
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Note that
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<cmath>\begin{align*}\sum_{1 \leq i < j \leq 216} x_ix_j &= \frac12\left(\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i\right)^2-\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i^2\right)\\&=\frac12\left(1-\sum x_i^2\right).\end{align*}</cmath>
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Substituting this into the second equation and collecting <math>x_i^2</math> terms, we find
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<cmath>\sum_{i=1}^{216}\frac{x_i^2}{1-a_i}=\frac{1}{215}.</cmath> Conveniently, <math>\sum_{i=1}^{216} 1-a_i=215</math> so we find
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<cmath>\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216} 1-a_i\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216}\frac{x_i^2}{1-a_i}\right)=1=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i\right)^2.</cmath> This is the equality case of the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, so <math>x_i=c(1-a_i)</math> for some constant <math>c</math>. Summing these equations and using the facts that <math>\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i=1</math> and <math>\sum_{i=1}^{216} 1-a_i=215</math>, we find <math>c=\frac{1}{215}</math> and thus <math>x_2=c(1-a_2)=\frac{1}{215}\cdot \left(1-\frac{1}{4}\right)=\frac{3}{860}</math>. Hence the desired answer is <math>860+3=\boxed{863}</math>.
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==See Also==
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{{AIME box|year=2016|n=II|num-b=14|after=Last Question}}
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{{MAA Notice}}

Revision as of 09:27, 17 May 2016

For $1 \leq i \leq 215$ let $a_i = \dfrac{1}{2^{i}}$ and $a_{216} = \dfrac{1}{2^{215}}$. Let $x_1, x_2, ..., x_{216}$ be positive real numbers such that $\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i=1$ and $\sum_{1 \leq i < j \leq 216} x_ix_j = \dfrac{107}{215} + \sum_{i=1}^{216} \dfrac{a_i x_i^{2}}{2(1-a_i)}$. The maximum possible value of $x_2=\dfrac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$.

Solution

Note that \begin{align*}\sum_{1 \leq i < j \leq 216} x_ix_j &= \frac12\left(\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i\right)^2-\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i^2\right)\\&=\frac12\left(1-\sum x_i^2\right).\end{align*} Substituting this into the second equation and collecting $x_i^2$ terms, we find \[\sum_{i=1}^{216}\frac{x_i^2}{1-a_i}=\frac{1}{215}.\] Conveniently, $\sum_{i=1}^{216} 1-a_i=215$ so we find \[\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216} 1-a_i\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216}\frac{x_i^2}{1-a_i}\right)=1=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i\right)^2.\] This is the equality case of the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, so $x_i=c(1-a_i)$ for some constant $c$. Summing these equations and using the facts that $\sum_{i=1}^{216} x_i=1$ and $\sum_{i=1}^{216} 1-a_i=215$, we find $c=\frac{1}{215}$ and thus $x_2=c(1-a_2)=\frac{1}{215}\cdot \left(1-\frac{1}{4}\right)=\frac{3}{860}$. Hence the desired answer is $860+3=\boxed{863}$.

See Also

2016 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 14 		Followed by
Last Question
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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