Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "Talk:2012 USAMO Problems/Problem 4"
Line 5: Line 5:
 
2. Second, suppose that for all <math>n</math>, <math>f(n)\le 2</math>. Then for <math>n\ge 3</math>,  
 
2. Second, suppose that for all <math>n</math>, <math>f(n)\le 2</math>. Then for <math>n\ge 3</math>,  
  
−
<math> 2\ge f(n!)  = f(1) + C(n!-1) </math>  (<math>C\ge 0</math> is an integer.)
+
<math> 2\ge f(n!)  = f(1) + C(n!-1) </math>  (where <math>C\ge 0</math> is an integer.)
−
<math>\ge -2+5C</math>, therefore <math>5C\le 4</math> and so <math>C=0</math> is the only possibility. Hence <math>f(n)!=f(n!)=f(1)</math>. Similar argument yields that <math>f(n)!=f(n!)=f(2)</math>, so <math>f</math> is a constant function, which can only be <math>f=1</math> or <math>f=2</math>.
+
 
 +
<math>\ge -2+5C</math>, therefore <math>5C\le 4</math> and so <math>C=0</math> is the only possibility.
 +
 
 +
Hence <math>f(n)!=f(n!)=f(1)</math>. Similar argument yields that <math>f(n)!=f(n!)=f(2)</math>, so <math>f</math> is a constant function,  
 +
which can only be <math>f=1</math> or <math>f=2</math>.
  
 
3. From now on, suppose that there exists <math>n_0\ge 3</math> such that <math>f(n_0)>2</math>.
 
3. From now on, suppose that there exists <math>n_0\ge 3</math> such that <math>f(n_0)>2</math>.

Revision as of 21:29, 3 May 2012

Though not as elegant as the inductive proof, my proof for this problem is quite different from the one posted in the Page, so I would like to paste it here just for reference.

1. First, $f(1)$, $f(2)$ equal to $1$ or $2$.

2. Second, suppose that for all $n$, $f(n)\le 2$. Then for $n\ge 3$,

$2\ge f(n!) = f(1) + C(n!-1)$ (where $C\ge 0$ is an integer.)

$\ge -2+5C$, therefore $5C\le 4$ and so $C=0$ is the only possibility.

Hence $f(n)!=f(n!)=f(1)$. Similar argument yields that $f(n)!=f(n!)=f(2)$, so $f$ is a constant function, which can only be $f=1$ or $f=2$.

3. From now on, suppose that there exists $n_0\ge 3$ such that $f(n_0)>2$.

4. By $2| (n_0!-2) | f(n_0)!-f(2)$ and that $2|f(n_0)!$ we know that $2|f(2)$, or $f(2)=2$.

5. By $f(3)!=f(6)=4C+f(2)=4C+2$ we know that $f(3)\le 3$, and by $3|f(n_0)!-f(3)$ and $3|f(n_0)!$ we know that $3|f(3)$, therefore $f(3)=3$.

6. Then by $2|f(3)-f(1)$ we know that $f(1)$ is odd, so $f(1)=1$.

7. For $n\ge 3$, $f(n)=C_1(n-1)+1=C_2(n-2)+2$ implies that $f(n)>2$, otherwise $C_1=C_2=0$ and that $f(n)=1=2$, which is a contradiction. Since $f(n)>2$, now we have $C_2\ge 1$, so $f(n)\ge (n-2)+2=n$. Now we have a lower bound. What is more difficult is to find an upper bound of $f(n)$.

(I know from the main Page it is not too hard to get the upper bound, but to be honest it takes me quite a while to figure it out.)

8. Therefore $n|f(n)!$. Now $f( (n+1)!) = f(n!) + C n \cdot n!$, therefore if $f(n)=n$, then let $f(n+1)=D(n+1)$ and we have \[(D(n+1))! = n! + Cn \cdot n!\]

, where the right hand side should not be divisible by $n\cdot n!$ and so $D=1$. By induction we have $f(n)=n$ for all $n\ge 3$.

--Lightest 22:26, 3 May 2012 (EDT)

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:2012_USAMO_Problems/Problem_4&oldid=46816"