Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "2010 AIME I Problems/Problem 6"

m (→‎Solution 2)
(Another solution)
Line 40: Line 40:
  
 
[[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
 
[[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
 +
 +
=== Solution 3 ===
 +
 +
Let <math>y = x^2 - 2x + 2</math>; note that <math>2y - 1 = 2x^2 - 4x + 3</math>. Setting <math>y = 2y - 1</math>, we find that <math>y = 1</math> and therefore <math>x^2 - 2x + 2 = 1</math>; this is true iff <math>x = 1</math>, so <math>P(x) = 1</math>.
 +
 +
Let <math>Q(x) = P(x) - x</math>; clearly <math>Q(1) = 0</math>, so we can write <math>Q(x) = (x - 1)Q'(x)</math>, where <math>Q'(x)</math> is some linear function. Plug <math>Q(x)</math> into the given inequality:
 +
 +
<math>x^2 - 3x + 2 \le Q(x) \le 2x^2 - 5x + 3</math>
 +
 +
<math>(x - 1)(x - 2) \le (x - 1)Q'(x) \le (x - 1)(2x - 3)</math>, and thus
 +
 +
<math>x - 2 \le Q'(x) \le 2x - 3</math>
 +
 +
For all <math>x > 1</math>; note that the inequality signs are flipped if <math>x < 1</math>, and that the division is invalid for <math>x = 1</math>. However, <math>\lim_{x - 2 \to +\1} = lim_{2x - 3 \to +\1} = -1</math>, and thus by the [[sandwich theorem]] <math>lim_{Q'(x) \to +\1} = -1</math>; by the definition of a continuous function, <math>Q'(1) = -1</math>. Also, <math>Q(11) = 170</math>, so <math>Q'(11) = 170/(11-1) = 17</math>; plugging in and solving, <math>Q'(x) = (9/5)(x - 1) - 1</math>. Thus <math>Q(16) = 390</math>, and so <math>P(16) = \boxed{406}</math>.

Revision as of 16:47, 11 March 2012

Problem

Let $P(x)$ be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients satisfying $x^2 - 2x + 2 \le P(x) \le 2x^2 - 4x + 3$ for all real numbers $x$, and suppose $P(11) = 181$. Find $P(16)$.

Solution

Solution 1

[asy] import graph; real min = -0.5, max = 2.5; pen dark = linewidth(1); real P(real x) { return 8*(x-1)^2/5+1; } real Q(real x) { return (x-1)^2+1; } real R(real x) { return 2*(x-1)^2+1; } draw(graph(P,min,max),dark); draw(graph(Q,min,max),linetype("6 2")+linewidth(0.7)); draw(graph(R,min,max),linetype("6 2")+linewidth(0.7)); dot((1,1)); label("$P(x)$",(max,P(max)),E,fontsize(10)); label("$Q(x)$",(max,Q(max)),E,fontsize(10)); label("$R(x)$",(max,R(max)),E,fontsize(10)); /* axes */ Label f; f.p=fontsize(8); xaxis(-2, 3, Ticks(f, 5, 1)); yaxis(-1, 5, Ticks(f, 6, 1)); [/asy]

Let $Q(x) = x^2 - 2x + 2$, $R(x) = 2x^2 - 4x + 3$. Completing the square, we have $Q(x) = (x-1)^2 + 1$, and $R(x) = 2(x-1)^2 + 1$, so it follows that $P(x) \ge Q(x) \ge 1$ for all $x$ (by the Trivial Inequality).

Also, $1 = Q(1) \le P(1) \le R(1) = 1$, so $P(1) = 1$, and $P$ obtains its minimum at the point $(1,1)$. Then $P(x)$ must be of the form $c(x-1)^2 + 1$ for some constant $c$; substituting $P(11) = 181$ yields $c = \frac 95$. Finally, $P(16) = \frac 95 \cdot (16 - 1)^2 + 1 = \boxed{406}$.

Solution 2

It can be seen that the function $P(x)$ must be in the form $P(x) = ax^2 - 2ax + c$ for some real $a$ and $c$. This is because the derivative of $P(x)$ is $2ax - 2a$, and a global minimum occurs only at $x = 1$ (in addition, because of this derivative, the vertex of any quadratic polynomial occurs at $\frac{-b}{2a}$). Substituting $(1,1)$ and $(11, 181)$ we obtain two equations:

$P(11) = 99a + c = 181$, and $P(1) = -a + c = 1$.

Solving, we get $a = \frac{9}{5}$ and $c = \frac{14}{5}$, so $P(x) = \frac{9}{5}x^2 - \frac{18}{5}x + \frac {14}{5}$. Therefore, $P(16) = \boxed{406}$.

See also

2010 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 5 		Followed by
Problem 7
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

Solution 3

Let $y = x^2 - 2x + 2$; note that $2y - 1 = 2x^2 - 4x + 3$. Setting $y = 2y - 1$, we find that $y = 1$ and therefore $x^2 - 2x + 2 = 1$; this is true iff $x = 1$, so $P(x) = 1$.

Let $Q(x) = P(x) - x$; clearly $Q(1) = 0$, so we can write $Q(x) = (x - 1)Q'(x)$, where $Q'(x)$ is some linear function. Plug $Q(x)$ into the given inequality:

$x^2 - 3x + 2 \le Q(x) \le 2x^2 - 5x + 3$

$(x - 1)(x - 2) \le (x - 1)Q'(x) \le (x - 1)(2x - 3)$, and thus

$x - 2 \le Q'(x) \le 2x - 3$

For all $x > 1$; note that the inequality signs are flipped if $x < 1$, and that the division is invalid for $x = 1$. However, $\lim_{x - 2 \to +\1} = lim_{2x - 3 \to +\1} = -1$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg), and thus by the sandwich theorem $lim_{Q'(x) \to +\1} = -1$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg); by the definition of a continuous function, $Q'(1) = -1$. Also, $Q(11) = 170$, so $Q'(11) = 170/(11-1) = 17$; plugging in and solving, $Q'(x) = (9/5)(x - 1) - 1$. Thus $Q(16) = 390$, and so $P(16) = \boxed{406}$.

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2010_AIME_I_Problems/Problem_6&oldid=45366"