Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "Elementary symmetric sum"

(Fixed errors in a paragraph in “uses”)
(→‎Uses)
 
Line 18: Line 18:
 
Any [[symmetric sum]] can be written as a [[polynomial]] of the elementary symmetric sum functions. For example, <math>x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = (x+y+z)(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - xy - yz - xz) + 3xyz = S_1^3 - 3S_1S_2 + 3S_3</math>. This is often used to solve systems of equations involving [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sums_of_powers sums of powers], combined with Vieta's formulas.
 
Any [[symmetric sum]] can be written as a [[polynomial]] of the elementary symmetric sum functions. For example, <math>x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = (x+y+z)(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - xy - yz - xz) + 3xyz = S_1^3 - 3S_1S_2 + 3S_3</math>. This is often used to solve systems of equations involving [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sums_of_powers sums of powers], combined with Vieta's formulas.
  
−
Elementary symmetric sums show up in [[Vieta's formulas]]. In a monic polynomial of degree <math>n</math>, the coefficient of the <math>x^0</math> term is <math>(-1)^nS_n</math>, and the coefficient of the <math>x^k</math> term is <math>(-1)^{n-k}S_{n-k}</math>, where the symmetric sums are taken over the roots of the polynomial.
+
Elementary symmetric sums show up in [[Vieta's formulas]]. In a monic polynomial of degree <math>n</math>, the coefficient of the <math>x^n</math> term is <math>(-1)^nS_n</math>, and the coefficient of the <math>x^k</math> term is <math>(-1)^{n-k}S_{n-k}</math>, where the symmetric sums are taken over the roots of the polynomial.
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Latest revision as of 11:51, 26 July 2023

An elementary symmetric sum is a type of summation.

Definition

The $k$-th elementary symmetric sum of a set of $n$ numbers is the sum of all products of $k$ of those numbers ($1 \leq k \leq n$). For example, if $n = 4$, and our set of numbers is $\{a, b, c, d\}$, then:

1st Symmetric Sum = $S_1 = a+b+c+d$

2nd Symmetric Sum = $S_2 = ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd$

3rd Symmetric Sum = $S_3 = abc+abd+acd+bcd$

4th Symmetric Sum = $S_4 = abcd$

Notation

The first elementary symmetric sum of $f(x)$ is often written $\sum_{sym}f(x)$. The $n$th can be written $\sum_{sym}^{n}f(x)$

Uses

Any symmetric sum can be written as a polynomial of the elementary symmetric sum functions. For example, $x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = (x+y+z)(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - xy - yz - xz) + 3xyz = S_1^3 - 3S_1S_2 + 3S_3$. This is often used to solve systems of equations involving sums of powers, combined with Vieta's formulas.

Elementary symmetric sums show up in Vieta's formulas. In a monic polynomial of degree $n$, the coefficient of the $x^n$ term is $(-1)^nS_n$, and the coefficient of the $x^k$ term is $(-1)^{n-k}S_{n-k}$, where the symmetric sums are taken over the roots of the polynomial.

See Also

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=Elementary_symmetric_sum&oldid=196110"