Difference between revisions of "2017 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 17"

Revision as of 05:40, 17 October 2021

The following problem is from both the 2017 AMC 12B #11 and 2017 AMC 10B #17, so both problems redirect to this page.

Problem

Call a positive integer $\textbf{monotonous}$ if it is a one-digit number or its digits, when read from left to right, form either a strictly increasing or a strictly decreasing sequence. For example, $3$ , $23578$ , and $987620$ are monotonous, but $88$ , $7434$ , and $23557$ are not. How many monotonous positive integers are there?

$\textbf{(A)}\ 1024\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 1524\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 1533\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 1536\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 2048$

Solution 1

Case 1: monotonous numbers with digits in ascending order

There are $\sum_{n=1}^{9} \binom{9}{n}$ ways to choose n digits from the digits 1 to 9. For each of these ways, we can generate exactly one monotonous number by ordering the chosen digits in ascending order. Note that 0 is not included since it will always be a leading digit and that is not allowed. Also, $\emptyset$ (the empty set) isn't included because it doesn't generate a number. The sum is equivalent to $\sum_{n=0}^{9} \binom{9}{n} -\binom{9}{0} = 2^9 - 1 = 511.$

Case 2: monotonous numbers with digits in descending order

There are $\sum_{n=1}^{10} \binom{10}{n}$ ways to choose n digits from the digits 0 to 9. For each of these ways, we can generate exactly one monotonous number by ordering the chosen digits in descending order. Note that 0 is included since we are allowed to end numbers with zeros. However, $\emptyset$ (the empty set) still isn't included because it doesn't generate a number. The sum is equivalent to $\sum_{n=0}^{10} \binom{10}{n} -\binom{10}{0} = 2^{10} - 1 = 1023.$ We discard the number 0 since it is not positive. Thus there are $1022$ here.

Since the 1-digit numbers 1 to 9 satisfy both case 1 and case 2, we have overcounted by 9. Thus there are $511+1022-9=\boxed{\textbf{(B)} 1524}$ monotonous numbers.

Solution 2

Like Solution 1, divide the problem into an increasing and decreasing case:

$\bullet$ Case 1: Monotonous numbers with digits in ascending order.

Arrange the digits 1 through 9 in increasing order, and exclude 0 because a positive integer cannot begin with 0.

To get a monotonous number, we can either include or exclude each of the remaining 9 digits, and there are $2^9 = 512$ ways to do this. However, we cannot exclude every digit at once, so we subtract 1 to get $512-1=511$ monotonous numbers for this case.

$\bullet$ Case 2: Monotonous numbers with digits in descending order.

This time, we arrange all 10 digits in decreasing order and repeat the process to find $2^{10} = 1024$ ways to include or exclude each digit. We cannot exclude every digit at once, and we cannot include only 0, so we subtract 2 to get $1024-2=1022$ monotonous numbers for this case.

At this point, we have counted all of the single-digit monotonous numbers twice, so we must subtract 9 from our total.

Thus our final answer is $511+1022-9 = \boxed{\textbf{(B) } 1524}$ .

Solution 3

Unlike the first two solutions, we can do our casework based off of whether or not the number contains a $0$ .

If it does, then we know the $0$ must be the last digit in the number (and hence, the number has to be decreasing). Because $0$ is not positive, $0$ is not monotonous. So, we need to pick at least $1$ number in the set $[1, 9].$ After choosing our numbers, there will be just $1$ way to arrange them so that the overall number is monotonous.

In total, each of the $9$ digits can either be in the monotonous number or not, yielding $2^9 = 512$ total solutions. However, we said earlier that $0$ cannot be by itself so we have to subtract out the case in which we picked none of the numbers $1-9$ . So, this case gives us $511$ .

Onto the second case, if there are no $0$ s, then the number can either be arranged in ascending order or in descending order. So, for each selection of the digits $1- 9$ , there are $2$ solutions. This gives $2 \cdot (2^9 - 1) = 2 \cdot 511 = 1022$ possibilities. Note that we subtracted out the $1$ because we cannot choose none of the numbers.

However, realize that if we pick just $1$ digit, then there is only $1$ arrangement. We cannot put a single digit in both ascending and descending order. So, we must subtract out $9$ from there (because there are $9$ possible ways to select one number and for each case, we overcounted by $1$ ).

All in all, that gives $511 + 1022 - 9 = \boxed{\textbf{(B) } 1524}$ monotonous numbers.

Solution 4

Let $n$ be the number of digits of a monotonous number. Notice for an increasing monotonous number with $n \ge 2$ , we can obtain 2 more monotonous numbers that are decreasing by reversing its digits and adding a $0$ to its reversed digits.

The number of increasing monotonous number with $n \ge 2=$ $\sum_{i=2}^{9} \binom{9}{i}$ $= 2^9-1-9$ $=512-10$ $=502$

~isabelchen

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 All in all, that gives <math>511 + 1022 - 9 = \boxed{\textbf{(B)  } 1524}</math> monotonous numbers.
+==Solution 4==
+Let <math>n</math> be the number of digits of a monotonous number. Notice for an increasing monotonous number with <math>n \ge 2</math>, we can obtain 2 more monotonous numbers that are decreasing by reversing its digits and adding a <math>0</math> to its reversed digits.
+The number of increasing monotonous number with <math>n \ge 2=</math>
+<cmath>\sum_{i=2}^{9} \binom{9}{i}</cmath>
+<cmath>= 2^9-1-9</cmath>
+<cmath>=512-10</cmath>
+<cmath>=502</cmath>
+~isabelchen
 ==See Also==

2017 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 16	Followed by Problem 18
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions

2017 AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 10	Followed by Problem 12
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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