Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "2005 USAMO Problems/Problem 3"
Line 4: Line 4:
 
== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
  
−
=== Soltuion 1 ===
+
=== Solution 1 ===
 
Let <math>B_1'</math> be the second intersection of the line <math>C_1A</math> with the circumcircle of <math>APC</math>, and let <math>Q'</math> be the second intersection of the circumcircle of <math>B_1' C_1P</math> and line <math>BC</math>.  It is enough to show that <math>B_1'=B_1</math> and <math>Q' =Q</math>.  All our angles will be directed, and measured mod <math>\pi</math>.
 
Let <math>B_1'</math> be the second intersection of the line <math>C_1A</math> with the circumcircle of <math>APC</math>, and let <math>Q'</math> be the second intersection of the circumcircle of <math>B_1' C_1P</math> and line <math>BC</math>.  It is enough to show that <math>B_1'=B_1</math> and <math>Q' =Q</math>.  All our angles will be directed, and measured mod <math>\pi</math>.
  
Line 56: Line 56:
 
Use barycentric coordinates. Let <cmath>A=(1,0,0), B=(0,1,0), C=(0,0,1), P=(0,p,1-p), Q=(0,q,1-q).</cmath> By the parallel lines, <cmath>C_1=(1-q-z',q,z'), B_1=(q-y',y',1-q)</cmath> for some <math>y',z'.</math> As <math>A</math> is a vertex of the reference triangle, we must prove that <math>q(1-q)=y'z'.</math>
 
Use barycentric coordinates. Let <cmath>A=(1,0,0), B=(0,1,0), C=(0,0,1), P=(0,p,1-p), Q=(0,q,1-q).</cmath> By the parallel lines, <cmath>C_1=(1-q-z',q,z'), B_1=(q-y',y',1-q)</cmath> for some <math>y',z'.</math> As <math>A</math> is a vertex of the reference triangle, we must prove that <math>q(1-q)=y'z'.</math>
  
−
Now we find the circumcircle of <math>\triangle APC.</math> Let its equation be <cmath>-a^2yz-b^2xz-c^2xy+(x+y+z)(ux+vy+wz)=0.</cmath> Substituting in <math>A,C</math> gives <math>u=w=0.</math> Substituting in <math>P</math> yields <math>-a^2p(1-p)+vp=0\implies v = a^2(1-p).</math> Substituting in <math>B_1</math> yields
+
Now we find the circumcircle of <math>\triangle APC.</math> Let its equation be <cmath>-a^2yz-b^2xz-c^2xy+(x+y+z)(ux+vy+wz)=0.</cmath> Substituting in <math>A,C</math> gives <math>u=w=0.</math> Substituting in <math>P</math> yields <cmath>-a^2p(1-p)+vp=0\implies v = a^2(1-p).</cmath> Substituting in <math>B_1</math> yields
 
<cmath>0=-a^2y'(1-q)-b^2(q-y')(1-q)-c^2y'(q-y')+a^2(1-p)y'=0.</cmath>
 
<cmath>0=-a^2y'(1-q)-b^2(q-y')(1-q)-c^2y'(q-y')+a^2(1-p)y'=0.</cmath>
 
<cmath>c^2y'^2+(a^2q-a^2p+b^2(1-q)-c^2q)y'-b^2q(1-q)=0</cmath>
 
<cmath>c^2y'^2+(a^2q-a^2p+b^2(1-q)-c^2q)y'-b^2q(1-q)=0</cmath>
  
−
Similarly, the circumcircle of <math>\triangle APB</math> is <cmath>-a^2yz-b^2xz-c^2xy+(x+y+z)a^2pz</cmath>
+
Similarly, the circumcircle of <math>\triangle APB</math> is <cmath>-a^2yz-b^2xz-c^2xy+(x+y+z)a^2pz.</cmath> Now, we substitute <math>C_1</math> into the equation
  
 
<cmath>0=-a^2qz'-b^2z'(1-q-z')-c^2q(1-q-z')+a^2pz'=0</cmath>
 
<cmath>0=-a^2qz'-b^2z'(1-q-z')-c^2q(1-q-z')+a^2pz'=0</cmath>

Revision as of 07:49, 29 May 2016

Problem

(Zuming Feng) Let $ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle, and let $P$ and $Q$ be two points on side $BC$. Construct point $C_1$ in such a way that convex quadrilateral $APBC_1$ is cyclic, $QC_1 \parallel CA$, and $C_1$ and $Q$ lie on opposite sides of line $AB$. Construct point $B_1$ in such a way that convex quadrilateral $APCB_1$ is cyclic, $QB_1 \parallel BA$, and $B_1$ and $Q$ lie on opposite sides of line $AC$. Prove that points $B_1, C_1,P$, and $Q$ lie on a circle.

Solution

Solution 1

Let $B_1'$ be the second intersection of the line $C_1A$ with the circumcircle of $APC$, and let $Q'$ be the second intersection of the circumcircle of $B_1' C_1P$ and line $BC$. It is enough to show that $B_1'=B_1$ and $Q' =Q$. All our angles will be directed, and measured mod $\pi$.

[asy] size(300); defaultpen(1); pair A=(2,5), B=(-1,0), C=(5,0); pair C1=(.5,5.7); path O1=circumcircle(A,B,C1); pair P=IntersectionPoint(O1,B--C,1); path O2=circumcircle(A,P,C); pair B1=IntersectionPoint(O2,C1--5A-4C1,0); path O=circumcircle(B1,C1,P); pair Q=IntersectionPoint(O,B--C,1); draw(C1--P--A--B--C--A); draw(P--B1--C1--Q--B1); draw(O1,dashed+linewidth(.7)); draw(O2,dashed+linewidth(.7)); draw(O,dotted); label("$A$",A,N); label("$B$",B,SW); label("$C$",C,SE); label("$P$",P,S); label("$Q'$",Q,S); label("$C_1$",C1,N); label("$B_1'$",B1,E); [/asy]

Since points $C_1, P, Q', B_1'$ are concyclic and points $C_1, A,B_1'$ are collinear, it follows that \[\angle C_1 Q' P \equiv \angle C_1 B_1' P \equiv \angle A B_1' P .\] But since points $A, B_1', P, C$ are concyclic, \[\angle AB_1'P \equiv \angle ACP .\] It follows that lines $AC$ and $C_1 Q'$ are parallel. If we exchange $C$ with $B$ and $C_1$ with $B_1'$ in this argument, we see that lines $AB$ and $B_1' Q'$ are likewise parallel.

It follows that $Q'$ is the intersection of $BC$ and the line parallel to $AC$ and passing through $C_1$. Hence $Q' = Q$. Then $B_1'$ is the second intersection of the circumcircle of $APC$ and the line parallel to $AB$ passing through $Q$. Hence $B_1' = B_1$, as desired. $\blacksquare$

Solution 2

Lemma. $B_1, A, C_1$ are collinear.

Suppose they are not collinear. Let line $B_1 A$ intersect circle $ABP$ (i.e. the circumcircle of $ABP$) again at $C_2$ distinct from $C_1$. Because $\angle C_2 B_1 Q = \angle C_2 AB = \angle C_2 PB = 180^\circ - \angle C_2 PQ$, we have that $B_1 C_2 PQ$ is cyclic. Hence $\angle C_2 QP = \angle C_2 B_1 P = \angle P B_1 A = \angle C$, so $C_2 Q // AC$. Then $C_2$ must be the other intersection of the parallel to $AC$ through $Q$ with circle $ABP$. Then $C_2$ is on segment $C_1 Q$, so $C_2$ is contained in triangle $ABQ$. However, line $AB_1$ intersects this triangle only at point $A$ because $B_1$ lies on arc $AC$ not containing $P$ of circle $APC$, a contradiction. Hence, $B_1, A, C_1$ are collinear, as desired.

As a result, we have $\angle C_1 B_1 Q = \angle C_1 AB = \angle C_1 PB = 180^\circ - \angle C_1 PQ$, so $B_1 C_1 PQ$ is cyclic, as desired.

Solution 3

Due to the parallel lines, $m\angle C_1QB_1=m\angle A.$ Therefore, it suffices to prove that \[m\angle C_1PB_1=m\angle C_1BA+m\angle ACB_1=m\angle A.\] Note that $m\angle BC_1A+m\angle AB_1C=180^{\circ}$ by the cyclic quadrilaterals. Now, the condition simplifies to proving $C_1,A,B_1$ collinear.

Use barycentric coordinates. Let \[A=(1,0,0), B=(0,1,0), C=(0,0,1), P=(0,p,1-p), Q=(0,q,1-q).\] By the parallel lines, \[C_1=(1-q-z',q,z'), B_1=(q-y',y',1-q)\] for some $y',z'.$ As $A$ is a vertex of the reference triangle, we must prove that $q(1-q)=y'z'.$

Now we find the circumcircle of $\triangle APC.$ Let its equation be \[-a^2yz-b^2xz-c^2xy+(x+y+z)(ux+vy+wz)=0.\] Substituting in $A,C$ gives $u=w=0.$ Substituting in $P$ yields \[-a^2p(1-p)+vp=0\implies v = a^2(1-p).\] Substituting in $B_1$ yields \[0=-a^2y'(1-q)-b^2(q-y')(1-q)-c^2y'(q-y')+a^2(1-p)y'=0.\] \[c^2y'^2+(a^2q-a^2p+b^2(1-q)-c^2q)y'-b^2q(1-q)=0\]

Similarly, the circumcircle of $\triangle APB$ is \[-a^2yz-b^2xz-c^2xy+(x+y+z)a^2pz.\] Now, we substitute $C_1$ into the equation

\[0=-a^2qz'-b^2z'(1-q-z')-c^2q(1-q-z')+a^2pz'=0\] \[b^2 z'^2+(a^2p-a^2q-b^2(1-q)+c^2q)z'-c^2q(1-q)=0\]

Let $k=a^2p-a^2q-b^2(1-q)+c^2q,$ and note that both $y',z'$ are negative. By the quadratic formula, we have \[y'=\frac{k-\sqrt{k^2+4b^2c^2q(1-q)}}{2c^2}, z'=\frac{-k-\sqrt{k^2+4b^2c^2q(1-q)}}{2b^2}\] Multiplying these two, we have \[y'z'=\frac{4b^2c^2q(1-q)}{4b^2c^2}=q(1-q),\] as desired. $\blacksquare$

Alternate solutions are always welcome. If you have a different, elegant solution to this problem, please add it to this page.

See also

  • <url>Forum/viewtopic.php?p=213011#213011 Discussion on AoPS/MathLinks</url>
2005 USAMO (Problems • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 2 		Followed by
Problem 4
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
All USAMO Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2005_USAMO_Problems/Problem_3&oldid=78747"