Difference between revisions of "Stirling number"
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Stirling numbers of the second kind satisfy the [[recursion]] | Stirling numbers of the second kind satisfy the [[recursion]] | ||
| − | \[ | + | <math>\[ |
S(n + 1, k) = k S(n, k) + S(n, k - 1). | S(n + 1, k) = k S(n, k) + S(n, k - 1). | ||
| − | \] | + | \]</math> |
(This can easily be shown by considering the cases that <math>n + 1</math> is in a part of size <math>1</math> or size larger than <math>1</math>.) They can also be calculated using the formula | (This can easily be shown by considering the cases that <math>n + 1</math> is in a part of size <math>1</math> or size larger than <math>1</math>.) They can also be calculated using the formula | ||
<cmath> S(n,k) = \frac{1}{k!}\sum_{j=0}^{k}(-1)^j{k \choose j} (k-j)^n. </cmath> | <cmath> S(n,k) = \frac{1}{k!}\sum_{j=0}^{k}(-1)^j{k \choose j} (k-j)^n. </cmath> | ||
Revision as of 18:52, 17 May 2019
There are two kinds of Stirling numbers: Stirling numbers of the first kind and Stirling numbers of the second kind. They appear in many situations in combinatorics.
Stirling Numbers of the First Kind
The Stirling number of the first kind 
is the number of permutations of an 
-element set with exactly 
cycles.
For example, 
because (writing all our permutations in cycle notation) we have the permutations 
.
Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind
The Stirling number of the second kind 
is the number of partitions of an -element set into exactly non-empty subsets.
For example, 
because we have the partitions 
.
Stirling numbers of the second kind satisfy the recursion
$\[
S(n + 1, k) = k S(n, k) + S(n, k - 1).
\]$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)
(This can easily be shown by considering the cases that 
is in a part of size 
or size larger than .) They can also be calculated using the formula
![\[S(n,k) = \frac{1}{k!}\sum_{j=0}^{k}(-1)^j{k \choose j} (k-j)^n.\]](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/7/9/a/79ac7d5a1d742b3652ad55b4865ae154d44b66d4.png)
The total number of partitions of an -element set is 
and is called the th Bell number.
