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Difference between revisions of "2008 AIME I Problems/Problem 15"

(+ <asy> 3D)
(fmt/etc)
Line 19: Line 19:
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
−
=== Solution 1 ===
 
 
<center><asy>
 
<center><asy>
 
size(500);
 
size(500);
Line 39: Line 38:
 
draw(A--Fa); draw(C--Fc); draw(D--Fd);
 
draw(A--Fa); draw(C--Fc); draw(D--Fd);
 
</asy></center>
 
</asy></center>
−
 
+
=== Solution 1 ===
 
In the original picture, let <math>P</math> be the corner, and <math>M</math> and <math>N</math> be the two points whose distance is <math>\sqrt{17}</math> from <math>P</math>. Also, let <math>R</math> be the point where the two cuts intersect.
 
In the original picture, let <math>P</math> be the corner, and <math>M</math> and <math>N</math> be the two points whose distance is <math>\sqrt{17}</math> from <math>P</math>. Also, let <math>R</math> be the point where the two cuts intersect.
  
−
Using <math>\triangle{MNP}</math> (a 45-45-90 triangle), <math>MN=MP\sqrt{2}\quad\Longrightarrow\quad MN=\sqrt{34}</math>.
+
Using <math>\triangle{MNP}</math> (a 45-45-90 triangle), <math>MN=MP\sqrt{2}\quad\Longrightarrow\quad MN=\sqrt{34}</math>. <math>\triangle{MNR}</math> is [[equilateral triangle|equilateral]], so <math>MR = NR = \sqrt{34}</math>. (Alternatively, we could find this by the [[Law of Sines]].)
−
 
 
−
<math>\triangle{MNR}</math> is equilateral, so <math>MR</math> and <math>NR</math> are also <math>\sqrt{34}</math>.
 
−
 
 
−
The length of the perpendicular from <math>P</math> to <math>MN</math> in <math>\triangle{MNP}</math> is <math>\frac{\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>.
 
−
 
 
−
The length of the perpendicular from <math>R</math> to <math>MN</math> in <math>\traignel{MNR}</math> is <math>\frac{\sqrt{51}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>.
 
−
 
 
−
Adding those two lengths, <math>PR=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>.
 
  
−
Drop a perpendicular from <math>R</math> to line <math>MN</math> and let the intersection be <math>G</math>.
+
The length of the perpendicular from <math>P</math> to <math>MN</math> in <math>\triangle{MNP}</math> is <math>\frac{\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>, and the length of the perpendicular from <math>R</math> to <math>MN</math> in <math>\traignel{MNR}</math> is <math>\frac{\sqrt{51}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>. Adding those two lengths, <math>PR=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>. (Alternatively, we could have used that <math>\tan 15^{\circ} = \frac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}</math>.)
  
−
<cmath>PG=PR\div\sqrt{2}=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{2}</cmath>
+
Drop a [[perpendicular]] from <math>R</math> to line <math>MN</math> and let the intersection be <math>G</math>.
  
−
<cmath>MG=PG-PM=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{2}-\sqrt{17}=\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{2}</cmath>
+
<cmath>
 +
\begin{align*}PG&=\frac{PR}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{2}\\
 +
MG=PG-PM&=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{2}-\sqrt{17}=\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{2}\end{align*}</cmath>
  
−
Now, move to 3D:
 
 
<center><asy>
 
<center><asy>
 
size(400);
 
size(400);
Line 79: Line 71:
 
</asy></center>
 
</asy></center>
  
−
In the final pyramid, let <math>ABCD</math> be the smaller square and let <math>A'B'C'D'</math> be the larger square such that <math>AA'</math>, etc are edges. Let <math>F</math> be the foot of the perpendicular from <math>A</math> to plane <math>A'B'C'D'</math>.
+
Let <math>ABCD</math> be the smaller square base of the tray and let <math>A'B'C'D'</math> be the larger square, such that <math>AA'</math>, etc, are edges. Let <math>F</math> be the foot of the perpendicular from <math>A</math> to plane <math>A'B'C'D'</math>.
−
 
 
−
We know <math>AA'=MR=\sqrt{34}</math> and <math>AB=MG\sqrt{2}=\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>.
 
  
−
Now, use the Pythagorean Theorem on triangle <math>AFA'</math> to find <math>AF</math>:
+
We know <math>AA'=MR=\sqrt{34}</math> and <math>AB=MG\sqrt{2}=\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}</math>. Now, use the Pythagorean Theorem on triangle <math>AFA'</math> to find <math>AF</math>:
  
 
<cmath>\begin{align*}\left(\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2+AF^2&=\left(\sqrt{34}\right)^2\\
 
<cmath>\begin{align*}\left(\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2+AF^2&=\left(\sqrt{34}\right)^2\\
Line 89: Line 79:
 
AF&=\sqrt{34-\frac{68-34\sqrt{3}}{2}}\\
 
AF&=\sqrt{34-\frac{68-34\sqrt{3}}{2}}\\
 
AF&=\sqrt{\frac{34\sqrt{3}}{2}}\\
 
AF&=\sqrt{\frac{34\sqrt{3}}{2}}\\
−
AF&=\sqrt{17\sqrt{3}}\\
 
 
AF&=\sqrt[4]{867}\end{align*}</cmath>
 
AF&=\sqrt[4]{867}\end{align*}</cmath>
  

Revision as of 16:43, 23 March 2008

Problem

A square piece of paper has sides of length 100. From each corner a wedge is cut in the following manner: at each corner, the two cuts for the wedge each start at a distance $\sqrt{17}$ from the corner, and they meet on the diagonal at an angle of $60^{\circ}$ (see the figure below). The paper is then folded up along the lines joining the vertices of adjacent cuts. When the two edges of a cut meet, they are taped together. The result is a paper tray whose sides are not at right angles to the base. The height of the tray, that is, the perpendicular distance between the plane of the base and the plane formed by the upped edges, can be written in the form $\sqrt[n]{m}$, where $m$ and $n$ are positive integers, $m<1000$, and $m$ is not divisible by the $n$th power of any prime. Find $m+n$.

[asy]import cse5; size(200); pathpen=black; real s=sqrt(17); real r=(sqrt(51)+s)/(sqrt(2)); D((0,2*s)--(0,0)--(2*s,0)); D((0,s)--(r*dir(45))); D((s,0)--(r*dir(45))); D((0,0)--(r*dir(45))); D((r*dir(45))--((r*dir(45)).x,2*s)); D((r*dir(45))--(2*s,(r*dir(45)).y)); MP("30^\circ",r*dir(45)-(0.25,1),SW); MP("30^\circ",r*dir(45)-(1,0.5),SW); MP("\sqrt{17}",(0,s/2),W); MP("\sqrt{17}",(s/2,0),S);[/asy]

Solution

[asy] size(500); import three; import math; triple A=(0,0,0); triple B=(1,0,0); triple C=(1,1,0); triple D=(0,1,0); real r = (51^0.5-17^0.5)/200, h=867^0.5/100; triple F=B+(r,-r,h); triple G=(1,-r,h); triple H=(1+r,0,h); triple I=B+(0,0,h); draw(B--F--H--cycle);draw(B--F--G--cycle); draw(G--I--H); draw(B--I); draw(A--B--C--D--cycle); triple Fa=A+(-r,-r, 867^0.5/100), Fc=C+(r,r, 867^0.5/100), Fd=D+(-r,r, 867^0.5/100); triple Ia = A+(0,0,h), Ic = C+(0,0,h), Id = D+(0,0,h); draw(Ia--I--Ic); draw(Fa--F--Fc--Fd--cycle); draw(A--Fa); draw(C--Fc); draw(D--Fd); [/asy]

Solution 1

In the original picture, let $P$ be the corner, and $M$ and $N$ be the two points whose distance is $\sqrt{17}$ from $P$. Also, let $R$ be the point where the two cuts intersect.

Using $\triangle{MNP}$ (a 45-45-90 triangle), $MN=MP\sqrt{2}\quad\Longrightarrow\quad MN=\sqrt{34}$. $\triangle{MNR}$ is equilateral, so $MR = NR = \sqrt{34}$. (Alternatively, we could find this by the Law of Sines.)

The length of the perpendicular from $P$ to $MN$ in $\triangle{MNP}$ is $\frac{\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}$, and the length of the perpendicular from $R$ to $MN$ in $\traignel{MNR}$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg) is $\frac{\sqrt{51}}{\sqrt{2}}$. Adding those two lengths, $PR=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{\sqrt{2}}$. (Alternatively, we could have used that $\tan 15^{\circ} = \frac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}$.)

Drop a perpendicular from $R$ to line $MN$ and let the intersection be $G$.

\begin{align*}PG&=\frac{PR}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{2}\\ MG=PG-PM&=\frac{\sqrt{17}+\sqrt{51}}{2}-\sqrt{17}=\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{2}\end{align*}

[asy] size(400); import three; import math; triple B=(1,0,0); real r = (51^0.5-17^0.5)/200, h=867^0.5/400; triple F=B+(r,-r,h); triple G=(1,-r,h); triple H=(1+r,0,h); triple I=B+(0,0,h); draw(B--F--H--cycle);draw(B--F--G--cycle); draw(G--I--H); draw(B--I); label("\(\sqrt{34}\)",(F+B)/2,N); label("\(\frac{\sqrt{51}+\sqrt{17}}{2}\)",(B+G)/2,N); label("\(\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{2}\)",(I+G)/2,N); label("\(\sqrt[4]{867}\)",(I+B)/2,E); draw(rightanglemark(G,I,B,0.05)); draw(rightanglemark(F,G,B,0.05)); draw(rightanglemark(F,H,I,0.05)); draw(anglemark(H,B,F,0.5)); [/asy]

Let $ABCD$ be the smaller square base of the tray and let $A'B'C'D'$ be the larger square, such that $AA'$, etc, are edges. Let $F$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $A$ to plane $A'B'C'D'$.

We know $AA'=MR=\sqrt{34}$ and $AB=MG\sqrt{2}=\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}$. Now, use the Pythagorean Theorem on triangle $AFA'$ to find $AF$:

\begin{align*}\left(\frac{\sqrt{51}-\sqrt{17}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2+AF^2&=\left(\sqrt{34}\right)^2\\ \frac{51-34\sqrt{3}+17}{2}+AF^2&=34\\ AF&=\sqrt{34-\frac{68-34\sqrt{3}}{2}}\\ AF&=\sqrt{\frac{34\sqrt{3}}{2}}\\ AF&=\sqrt[4]{867}\end{align*}

The answer is $867 + 4 = \boxed{871}$.

Solution 2

In the final pyramid, let $ABCD$ be the smaller square and let $A'B'C'D'$ be the larger square such that $AA'$, etc are edges. It is obvious from the diagram that $\angle A'AB = \angle A'AD = 105^\circ$. Let $AB$ and $AD$ be the positive $x$ and $y$ axes in a 3-d coordinate system such that $A'$ has a positive $z$ coordinate. Let $\alpha$ be the angle made with the positive $x$ axis. Define $\beta$ and $\gamma$ analogously. It is easy to see that if $P: = (x,y,z)$, then $x = AA'\cdot \cos\alpha$. Furthermore, this means that \[\frac {x^2}{AA'^2} + \frac {y^2}{AA'^2} + \frac {z^2}{AA'^2} = \cos^2\alpha + \cos^2\beta + \cos^2\gamma = 1\] We have that $\alpha = \beta = 105^\circ$, so \[\cos^2 105^\circ + \cos^2105^\circ + \cos^2\gamma = 1\implies \cos\gamma = \sqrt [4]{\frac {3}{4}}\] It is easy to see from the law of sines that \[\frac {AA'}{\sin 45^\circ} = \frac {\sqrt {17}}{\sin 30^\circ}\implies AA' = \sqrt {34}\] Now \[z = AA'\cdot \cos\gamma = \sqrt [4]{34^2\cdot \frac {3}{4}} = \sqrt [4]{867}\] It follows that the answer is $867 + 4 = \boxed{871}$.

See also

2008 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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Problem 14 		Followed by
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