Difference between revisions of "2020 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 24"

Revision as of 18:23, 6 May 2022

Problem

Let $n$ be the least positive integer greater than $1000$ for which

$\gcd(63, n+120) =21\quad \text{and} \quad \gcd(n+63, 120)=60.$

What is the sum of the digits of $n$ ?

$\textbf{(A) } 12 \qquad\textbf{(B) } 15 \qquad\textbf{(C) } 18 \qquad\textbf{(D) } 21\qquad\textbf{(E) } 24$

Solution 1

We know that $\gcd(n+57,63)=21$ and $\gcd(n-57, 120)= 60$ by the Euclidean Algorithm. Hence, let $n+57=21\alpha$ and $n-57=60 \gamma$ , where $\gcd(\alpha,3)=1$ and $\gcd(\gamma,2)=1$ . Subtracting the two equations, $38=7\alpha-20\gamma$ . Letting $\gamma = 2s+1$ , we get $58=7\alpha-40s$ . Taking modulo $40$ , we have $\alpha \equiv{14} \pmod{40}$ . We are given that $n=21\alpha -57 >1000$ , so $\alpha \geq 51$ . Notice that if $\alpha =54$ then the condition $\gcd(\alpha,3)=1$ is violated. The next possible value of $\alpha = 94$ satisfies the given condition, giving us $n=1917$ .

Alternatively, we could have said $\alpha = 40k+14 \equiv{0} \pmod{3}$ for $k \equiv{1} \pmod{3}$ only, so $k \equiv{0,2} \pmod{3}$ , giving us our answer. Since the problem asks for the sum of the digits of $n$ , our answer is $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~Prabh1512, with edits by Terribleteeth.

Solution 2

The conditions of the problem reduce to the following: $n+120 = 21k$ and $n+63 = 60\ell$ , where $\gcd(k,3) = 1$ and $\gcd(\ell,2) = 1$ . From these equations, we see that $21k - 60\ell = 57$ . Solving this Diophantine equation gives us that $k = 20a + 17$ and $\ell = 7a + 5$ . Since, $n>1000$ , we can do some bounding and get that $k > 53$ and $\ell > 17$ . Now we start bashing by plugging in numbers that satisfy these conditions: $a=4$ is the first number that works so we get $\ell = 33$ , $k = 97$ . Therefore, we have $n=21(97)-120=60(33)-63=1917$ , and our answer is $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

Solution 3

We first find that $n\equiv6\pmod{21}$ and $n\equiv57\pmod{60}$ , then we get $n=21x+6$ and $n=60y+57$ by definitions, where $x$ and $y$ are integers. It follows that $y$ must be odd, since the GCD will be $120$ instead of $60$ if $y$ is even. Also, the unit digit of $n$ must be $7$ , since the unit digit of $60y$ is always $0$ and the unit digit of $57$ is $7$ . Therefore, we find that $x$ must end in $1$ to satisfy $n$ having a unit digit of $7$ . Also, we find that $x$ must not be a multiple of $3$ or else the GCD will be $63$ . Therefore, we test values for $x$ and find that $x=91$ satisfies all these conditions. Therefore, $n=1917$ and $1+9+1+7 = \boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~happykeeper

Solution 4

We are given that $\gcd(63, n+120) =21$ and $\gcd(n+63, 120)=60.$ By applying the Euclidean algorithm in reverse, we have $\gcd(63, n+120) = \gcd(63, n+120 + 63) = \gcd(63, n+183) = 21$ and $\gcd(n+63, 120) = \gcd(n+63 + 120, 120) = \gcd(n+183, 120) = 60.$

We now know that $n+183$ must be divisible by $21$ and $60,$ so it is divisible by $\text{lcm}(21, 60) = 420.$ Therefore, $n+183 = 420k$ for some integer $k.$ We know that $3 \nmid k,$ or else the first condition won't hold ( $\gcd$ will be $63$ ) and $2 \nmid k,$ or else the second condition won't hold ( $\gcd$ will be $120$ ). Since $k = 1$ gives us too small of an answer, then $k=5,$ from which $n = 1917.$ So, the answer is $1+9+1+7 = \boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}.$

Solution 5

$\gcd(n+63,120)=60$ tells us $n+63\equiv60\pmod {120}$ . The smallest $n+63$ that satisfies the previous condition and $n>1000$ is $1140$ , so we start from there. If $n+63=1140$ , then $n+120=1197$ . Because $\gcd(n+120,63)=21$ , $n+120\equiv21\pmod {63}$ or $n+120\equiv42\pmod {63}$ . We see that $1197\equiv0\pmod {63}$ , which does not fulfill the requirement for $n+120$ , so we continue by keep on adding $120$ to $1197$ , in order to also fulfill the requirement for $n+63$ . Soon, we see that $n+120\pmod {63}$ decreases by $6$ every time we add $120$ , so we can quickly see that $n=1917$ because at that point $n+120\equiv21\pmod {63}$ . We add up all digits of $1917$ to get $\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~SmileKat32

Solution 6

We are able to set up the following system of congruences: $\begin{align*} n &\equiv 6 \pmod {21}, \\ n &\equiv 57 \pmod {60}. \end{align*}$ Therefore, by definition, we are able to set-up the following system of equations: $\begin{align*} n &= 21a + 6, \\ n &= 60b + 57. \end{align*}$ Thus, we have $21a + 6 = 60b + 57,$ from which $7a + 2 = 20b + 19.$ We know $7a \equiv 0 \pmod {7},$ and since $7a = 20b + 17,$ therefore $20b + 17 \equiv 0 \pmod{7}.$ Simplifying this congruence further, we have $b\equiv 3 \pmod{7}.$ Thus, by definition, $b = 7x + 3.$ Substituting this back into our original equation, we get $n = 60(7x + 3) + 57 = 420x + 237.$ By definition, we are able to set up the following congruence: $n \equiv 237 \pmod{420}.$ Thus, $n = 1917$ , so our answer is simply $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

Remark

Since $n \equiv -120 \pmod{21},$ we conclude that $n \equiv 6 \pmod{21}.$

Since $n \equiv -63 \pmod{60},$ we conclude that $n \equiv 57 \pmod{60}.$

Remember that $b \equiv 3 \pmod{7}.$

Lastly, the reason why $n \neq 1077$ is $n + 120$ would be divisible by $63$ , which is not possible due to the certain condition.

~nikenissan ~Midnight

Solution 7

First, we find $n$ . We know that it is greater than $1000$ , so we first input $n = 1000$ . From the first equation, $\gcd(63, n + 120) = 21$ , we know that if $n$ is correct, after we add $120$ to it, it should be divisible by $21$ , but not $63$ : $\frac{n + 120}{21} = \frac{1120}{21} = 53\text{ R }7.$ This does not work. To get to the nearest number divisible by $21$ , we have to add $14$ to cancel out the remainder. (Note that we don't subtract $7$ to get to $53$ ; $n$ is already at its lowest possible value!) Adding $14$ to $1000$ gives us $n = 1014$ . (Note: $n$ is currently divisible by 63, but that's fine since we'll be changing it in the next step.)

Now using the second equation, $\gcd(n + 63, 120) = 60$ , we know that if $n$ is correct, then $n+63$ is divisible by $60$ but not $120$ : $\frac{n + 63}{60} = \frac{1077}{60} = 17\text{ R }57.$ Again, this does not work. This requires some guessing and checking. We can add $21$ over and over again until $n$ is valid. This changes $n$ while also maintaining that $\frac{n + 120}{21}$ has no remainders. After adding $21$ once, we get $18 r 18$ . By pure luck, adding $21$ two more times gives us $19$ with no remainders. We now have $1077 + 21 + 21 + 21 = 1140$ . However, this number is divisible by $120$ . To get the next possible number, we add the LCM of $21$ and $60$ (once again, to maintain divisibility), which is $420$ . Unfortunately, $1140 + 420 = 1560$ is still divisible by $120$ . Adding $420$ again gives us $1980$ , which is valid. However, remember that this is equal to $n + 63$ , so subtracting $63$ from $1980$ gives us $1917$ , which is $n$ .

The sum of its digits are $1 + 9 + 1 + 7 = \boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~primegn

Solution 8 (Euclidean Algorithm)

By the Euclidean Algorithm, we have $\begin{alignat*}{8} \gcd(63,n+120)&=\hspace{1mm}&&\gcd(63,\phantom{ }\underbrace{n+120-63k_1}_{(n+120) \ \mathrm{mod} \ 63}\phantom{ })&&=21, \\ \gcd(n+63,120)&=&&\gcd(\phantom{ }\underbrace{n+63-120k_2}_{(n+63) \ \mathrm{mod} \ 120}\phantom{ },120)&&=60. \end{alignat*}$ Clearly, $n+120-63k_1$ must be either $21$ or $42,$ and $n+63-120k_2$ must be $60.$

More generally, let $t\in\{1,2\},$ so we get $\begin{align*} n+120-63k_1&=21t, &\hspace{55.5mm}(1) \\ n+63-120k_2&=60. &\hspace{55.5mm}(2) \end{align*}$ Subtracting $(2)$ from $(1)$ and then simplifying give $\begin{align*} 57-63k_1+120k_2&=21t-60 \\ 117-63k_1+120k_2&=21t \\ 39-21k_1+40k_2&=7t. \hspace{54mm}(\bigstar) \end{align*}$ Taking $(\bigstar)$ modulo $7$ produces $\begin{align*} 4+5k_2&\equiv0\pmod{7} \\ k_2&\equiv2\pmod{7}. \end{align*}$ Recall that $n>1000.$ From $(2),$ it follows that $1063-120k_2<n+63-120k_2=60,$ from which $k_2>8.$ Therefore, the possible values for $k_2$ are $9,16,23,\ldots.$

We need to check whether positive integers $k_1$ and $t$ (where $t\in\{1,2\}$ ) exist in $(1):$

If $k_2=9,$ then substituting into $(2)$ gives $n=1077.$ Next, substituting into $(1)$ produces $1197-63k_1=21t,$ or $57-3k_1=t.$
There are no solutions $(k_1,t).$

If $k_2=16,$ then substituting into $(2)$ gives $n=1917.$ Next, substituting into $(1)$ produces $2037-63k_1=21t,$ or $97-3k_1=t.$
The solution is $(k_1,t)=(32,1).$

Finally, the least such positive integer $n$ is $1917.$ The sum of its digits is $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}.$

~MRENTHUSIASM

Solution 9 (Euclidean Algorithm)

Because we are finding value of $n$ for $n > 1000$ , let $n = 1000 + k$ .

Using the Euclidean Algorithm, $\begin{align*} \gcd(63, n+120) &= \gcd(63, 1000 + k + 120) = \gcd(63, k + 1120 - 63 \cdot 18) = \gcd(63, k-14) = 21, \\ \gcd(n+63, 120) &= \gcd(k + 1000 + 63, 120) = \gcd(k + 1000 + 63 - 120 \cdot 9, 120) = \gcd(k-17, 120) = 60. \end{align*}$ So, we have $\begin{align*} k &\equiv 14 \pmod{21}, \\ k &\equiv 17 \pmod{60}. \end{align*}$ Let $k = 21p + 14 = 60q + 17$ , $7p= 20q + 1$ (by the Division Algorithm), $7p = 21q - (q - 1)$ , $q - 1$ is a multiple of $7$ .

Let $q-1 = 7r$ , $q = 7r+1$ , $k = 60(7r+1) + 17 = 420r + 77$ .

$n = 1000 + k = 420r + 1077$ , $n = 1077, 1497, 1917$ .

By substituting $1077$ , $1497$ , $1917$ into $\gcd(63, n+120) =21$ and $\gcd(n+63, 120)=60$ , $1077$ and $1497$ aren't valid answers, only $1917$ is. Therefore, the answer is $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~isabelchen ~Very minor edit by ~Plainoldnumbertheory

Solution 10 (Diophantine Equations)

We know $63 = 3 \cdot 21$ , and $\gcd(63, n + 120) = 21 \Longrightarrow n + 120 = 21a$ , where $a$ is not a multiple of $3$ .

Also, $120 = 2 \cdot 60$ , and $gcd(n+63, 120) = 60 \Longrightarrow n + 63 = 60b$ , where $b$ is not a multiple of $2$ .

Let $n+63 = 60b = x$ , $n = x - 63$ , $n+120 = x+57 = 21a$ .

Now the problem becomes $\gcd(63, x+57) =21$ and $\gcd(x, 120)=60$ .

Meaning $x + 57$ has to be a multiple of $21$ but not $63$ , and $x$ is a multiple of $60$ but not $120$ .

Using trial and error, the least values are $x = 33\cdot60 = 1980$ and $n = x-63 = 1917$ .

Therefore, the answer is $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~isabelchen

Solution 11 (Chinese Remainder Theorem)

We have $\begin{align*} \gcd(63, n+120) &= 21 \Longrightarrow n + 120 \equiv 0 \pmod{21}, \text{ where } 9 \nmid n + 120, \\ \gcd(n+63, 120) &= 60 \Longrightarrow n + 63 \equiv 0 \pmod{60}, \text{ where } 8 \nmid n + 63. \end{align*}$ So, we conclude that $n \equiv 6 \pmod{21}$ and $n \equiv 57 \pmod{60}$ , respectively.

Because the $2$ moduli $21$ and $60$ are not relatively prime, namely $\gcd{(21, 60)} = 3$ , $21 = 3 \cdot 7$ , and $60 = 3 \cdot 20$ , we convert the system of $2$ linear congruences with non-coprime moduli into a system of $3$ linear congruences with coprime moduli: $\begin{align*} n &\equiv 0 \pmod{3}, \\ n &\equiv 6 \pmod{7}, \\ n &\equiv 17 \pmod{20}. \end{align*}$ By Chinese Remainder Theorem, the general solution of system of $3$ linear congruences is $n = 420k + 1077.$ We construct the following table: $\begin{array}{c|c|c|c} n & 1077 & 1497 & 1917\\ \hline n + 120 & 1197 & 1617 & 2037\\ \hline n + 63 & 1140 & 1560 & 1980\\ \end{array}$ Only $n = 1917$ satisfies $9 \nmid n + 120$ and $8 \nmid n + 63$ . Therefore, the answer is $1+9+1+7=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 18}$ .

~isabelchen

Video Solutions

Education The Study of Everything

Video Solution 4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdGmSyzR908&list=PLLCzevlMcsWNcTZEaxHe8VaccrhubDOlQ&index=5 ~ MathEx

Video Solution 5

https://youtu.be/R220vbM_my8?t=899 ~ amritvignesh0719062.0

@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 ~[https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/User:Isabelchen isabelchen]
-~Very minor edit by ~[User:PlainoldnumbertheoryPlainOldNumberTheory|Plainoldnumbertheory]
+~Very minor edit by ~[[User:PlainoldnumbertheoryPlainOldNumberTheory|Plainoldnumbertheory]]
 == Solution 10 (Diophantine Equations)==

2020 AMC 10A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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