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Difference between revisions of "2021 AIME I Problems/Problem 15"
m (→‎Solution 1: Minor fixes in the coding; also added the title.)
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~MRENTHUSIASM
 
~MRENTHUSIASM
  
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==Solution 1==
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==Solution 2 (Translations, Inequalities, Circles) ==
  
−
Make the translation <math>y \rightarrow y+20</math> to obtain <math>20+y=x^2-k , x=2y^2-k</math>. Multiply the first equation by 2 and sum, we see that <math>2(x^2+y^2)=3k+40+2y+x</math>. Completing the square gives us <math>\left(y- \frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(x - \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 = \frac{325+24k}{16}</math>; this explains why the two parabolas intersect at four points that lie on a circle*. For the upper bound, observe that <math>LHS \leq 21^2=441 \rightarrow 24k \leq 6731</math>, so <math>k \leq 280</math>.  
+
Make the translation <math>y \rightarrow y+20</math> to obtain <math>20+y=x^2-k</math> and <math>x=2y^2-k</math>. Multiply the first equation by <math>2</math> and sum, we see that <math>2(x^2+y^2)=3k+40+2y+x</math>. Completing the square gives us <math>\left(y- \frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(x - \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 = \frac{325+24k}{16}</math>; this explains why the two parabolas intersect at four points that lie on a circle*. For the upper bound, observe that <math>LHS \leq 21^2=441 \rightarrow 24k \leq 6731</math>, so <math>k \leq 280</math>.  
  
−
For the lower bound, we need to ensure there are 4 intersections to begin with. (Here I'm using the un-translated coordinates.) Draw up a graph, and realize that two intersections are guaranteed, on the so called "right branch" of <math>y=x^2-k</math>. As we increase the value of k, two more intersections appear on the "left branch."  
+
For the lower bound, we need to ensure there are <math>4</math> intersections to begin with. (Here I'm using the un-translated coordinates.) Draw up a graph, and realize that two intersections are guaranteed, on the so called "right branch" of <math>y=x^2-k</math>. As we increase the value of <math>k</math>, two more intersections appear on the "left branch":
  
−
<math>k=4</math> does not work because the "leftmost" point of <math>x=2(y-20)^2-4</math> is <math>(-4,20)</math> which lies to the right of <math>(-\sqrt{24}, 20)</math>, which is on the graph <math>y=x^2-4</math>. While technically speaking this doesn't prove that there are no intersections (why?), drawing the graph should convince you that this is the case. Clearly, no k less than 4 works either.
+
<math>k=4</math> does not work because the "leftmost" point of <math>x=2(y-20)^2-4</math> is <math>(-4,20)</math> which lies to the right of <math>\left(-\sqrt{24}, 20\right)</math>, which is on the graph <math>y=x^2-4</math>. While technically speaking this doesn't prove that there are no intersections (why?), drawing the graph should convince you that this is the case. Clearly, <math>k<4</math> does not work.
  
−
<math>k=5</math> does work because the two graphs intersect at <math>(-5,20)</math>, and by drawing the graph, you realize this is not a tangent point and there is in fact another intersection nearby, due to slope. Therefore, the answer is <math>5+280=285</math>.
+
<math>k=5</math> does work because the two graphs intersect at <math>(-5,20)</math>, and by drawing the graph, you realize this is not a tangent point and there is in fact another intersection nearby, due to slope. Therefore, the answer is <math>5+280=\boxed{285}</math>.
  
−
*In general, (Assuming four intersections exist) when two conics intersect, if one conic can be written as <math>ax^2+by^2=f(x,y)</math> and the other as <math>cx^2+dy^2=g(x,y)</math> for f,g polynomials of degree at most 1, whenever <math>(a,b),(c,d)</math> are linearly independent, we can combine the two equations and then complete the square to achieve <math>(x-p)^2+(y-q)^2=r^2</math>. We can also combine these two equations to form a parabola, or a hyperbola, or an ellipse. When <math>(a,b),(c,d)</math> are not L.I., the intersection points instead lie on a line, which is a circle of radius infinity. When the two conics only have 3,2 or 1 intersection points, the statement that all these points lie on a circle is trivially true.  
+
*In general (assuming four intersections exist), when two conics intersect, if one conic can be written as <math>ax^2+by^2=f(x,y)</math> and the other as <math>cx^2+dy^2=g(x,y)</math> for polynomials <math>f</math> and <math>g</math> of degree at most <math>1</math>, whenever <math>(a,b),(c,d)</math> are linearly independent (L.I.), we can combine the two equations and then complete the square to achieve <math>(x-p)^2+(y-q)^2=r^2</math>. We can also combine these two equations to form a parabola, or a hyperbola, or an ellipse. When <math>(a,b),(c,d)</math> are not L.I., the intersection points instead lie on a line, which is a circle of radius infinity. When the two conics only have <math>3,2</math> or <math>1</math> intersection point(s), the statement that all these points lie on a circle is trivially true.  
  
 
-Ross Gao
 
-Ross Gao

Revision as of 07:24, 11 August 2021

Problem

Let $S$ be the set of positive integers $k$ such that the two parabolas\[y=x^2-k~~\text{and}~~x=2(y-20)^2-k\]intersect in four distinct points, and these four points lie on a circle with radius at most $21$. Find the sum of the least element of $S$ and the greatest element of $S$.

Diagram

Graph in Desmos: https://www.desmos.com/calculator/gz8igmkykn

~MRENTHUSIASM

Solution 2 (Translations, Inequalities, Circles)

Make the translation $y \rightarrow y+20$ to obtain $20+y=x^2-k$ and $x=2y^2-k$. Multiply the first equation by $2$ and sum, we see that $2(x^2+y^2)=3k+40+2y+x$. Completing the square gives us $\left(y- \frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(x - \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 = \frac{325+24k}{16}$; this explains why the two parabolas intersect at four points that lie on a circle*. For the upper bound, observe that $LHS \leq 21^2=441 \rightarrow 24k \leq 6731$, so $k \leq 280$.

For the lower bound, we need to ensure there are $4$ intersections to begin with. (Here I'm using the un-translated coordinates.) Draw up a graph, and realize that two intersections are guaranteed, on the so called "right branch" of $y=x^2-k$. As we increase the value of $k$, two more intersections appear on the "left branch":

$k=4$ does not work because the "leftmost" point of $x=2(y-20)^2-4$ is $(-4,20)$ which lies to the right of $\left(-\sqrt{24}, 20\right)$, which is on the graph $y=x^2-4$. While technically speaking this doesn't prove that there are no intersections (why?), drawing the graph should convince you that this is the case. Clearly, $k<4$ does not work.

$k=5$ does work because the two graphs intersect at $(-5,20)$, and by drawing the graph, you realize this is not a tangent point and there is in fact another intersection nearby, due to slope. Therefore, the answer is $5+280=\boxed{285}$.

  • In general (assuming four intersections exist), when two conics intersect, if one conic can be written as $ax^2+by^2=f(x,y)$ and the other as $cx^2+dy^2=g(x,y)$ for polynomials $f$ and $g$ of degree at most $1$, whenever $(a,b),(c,d)$ are linearly independent (L.I.), we can combine the two equations and then complete the square to achieve $(x-p)^2+(y-q)^2=r^2$. We can also combine these two equations to form a parabola, or a hyperbola, or an ellipse. When $(a,b),(c,d)$ are not L.I., the intersection points instead lie on a line, which is a circle of radius infinity. When the two conics only have $3,2$ or $1$ intersection point(s), the statement that all these points lie on a circle is trivially true.

-Ross Gao

See Also

2021 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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