Difference between revisions of "2021 AIME II Problems/Problem 6"

Revision as of 11:06, 24 March 2021

Problem

For any finite set $S$ , let $|S|$ denote the number of elements in $S$ . FInd the number of ordered pairs $(A,B)$ such that $A$ and $B$ are (not necessarily distinct) subsets of $\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ that satisfy $|A| \cdot |B| = |A \cap B| \cdot |A \cup B|$

Solution 1

By PIE, $|A|+|B|-|A \cap B| = |A \cup B|$ , and after some algebra you see that we need $A \subseteq B$ or $B \subseteq A$ . WLOG $A\subseteq B$ , then for each element there are $3$ possibilities, either it is in both $A$ and $B$ , it is in $B$ but not $A$ , or it is in neither $A$ nor $B$ . This gives us $3^{5}$ possibilities, and we multiply by $2$ since it could of also been the other way around. Now we need to subtract the overlaps where $A=B$ , and this case has $2^{5}=32$ ways that could happen. It is $32$ because each number could be in the subset or it could not be in the subset. So the final answer is $2\cdot 3^5 - 2^5 = \boxed{454}$ .

~ math31415926535

Solution 2

We denote $\Omega = \left\{ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 \right\}$ . We denote $X = A \cap B$ , $Y = A \backslash \left( A \cap B \right)$ , $Z = B \backslash \left( A \cap B \right)$ , $W = \Omega \backslash \left( A \cup B \right)$ .

Therefore, $X \cup Y \cup Z \cup W = \Omega$ and the intersection of any two out of sets $X$ , $Y$ , $Z$ , $W$ is an empty set. Therefore, $\left( X , Y , Z , W \right)$ is a partition of $\Omega$ .

Following from our definition of $X$ , $Y$ , $Z$ , we have $A \cup B = X \cup Y \cup Z$ .

Therefore, the equation

$|A| \cdot |B| = |A \cap B| \cdot |A \cup B|$

can be equivalently written as

$\left( | X | + | Y | \right) \left( | X | + | Z | \right) = | X | \left( | X | + | Y | + | Z | \right) .$

This equality can be simplified as

$| Y | \cdot | Z | = 0 .$

Therefore, we have the following three cases: (1) $|Y| = 0$ and $|Z| \neq 0$ , (2) $|Z| = 0$ and $|Y| \neq 0$ , (3) $|Y| = |Z| = 0$ . Next, we analyze each of these cases, separately.

Case 1: $|Y| = 0$ and $|Z| \neq 0$ .

In this case, to count the number of solutions, we do the complementary counting.

First, we count the number of solutions that satisfy $|Y| = 0$ .

Hence, each number in $\Omega$ falls into exactly one out of these three sets: $X$ , $Z$ , $W$ . Following from the rule of product, the number of solutions is $3^5$ .

Second, we count the number of solutions that satisfy $|Y| = 0$ and $|Z| = 0$ .

Hence, each number in $\Omega$ falls into exactly one out of these two sets: $X$ , $W$ . Following from the rule of product, the number of solutions is $2^5$ .

Therefore, following from the complementary counting, the number of solutions in this case is equal to the number of solutions that satisfy $|Y| = 0$ minus the number of solutions that satisfy $|Y| = 0$ and $|Z| = 0$ , i.e., $3^5 - 2^5$ .

Case 2: $|Z| = 0$ and $|Y| \neq 0$ .

This case is symmetric to Case 1. Therefore, the number of solutions in this case is the same as the number of solutions in Case 1, i.e., $3^5 - 2^5$ .

Case 3: $|Y| = 0$ and $|Z| = 0$ .

Recall that this is one part of our analysis in Case 1. Hence, the number solutions in this case is $2^5$ .

By putting all cases together, following from the rule of sum, the total number of solutions is equal to

$\begin{align*} \left( 3^5 - 2^5 \right) + \left( 3^5 - 2^5 \right) + 2^5 & = 2 \cdot 3^5 - 2^5 \\ & = \boxed{454} . \end{align*}$

~ Steven Chen (www.professorchenedu.com)

Solution 3 (Casework Bash)

By the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion (abbreviated PIE), we have $|A \cup B|=|A|+|B|-|A \cap B|,$ from which we rewrite the given equation as

SOLUTION IN PROGRESS. NO EDIT PLEASE--A MILLION THANKS!

~MRENTHUSIASM

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 ==Solution 3 (Casework Bash)==
+By the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion (abbreviated PIE), we have <math>|A \cup B|=|A|+|B|-|A \cap B|,</math> from which we rewrite the given equation as
 <b>SOLUTION IN PROGRESS. NO EDIT PLEASE--A MILLION THANKS!</b>

2021 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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