Difference between revisions of "1983 AIME Problems/Problem 15"

Revision as of 10:14, 7 March 2019

Problem

The adjoining figure shows two intersecting chords in a circle, with $B$ on minor arc $AD$ . Suppose that the radius of the circle is $5$ , that $BC=6$ , and that $AD$ is bisected by $BC$ . Suppose further that $AD$ is the only chord starting at $A$ which is bisected by $BC$ . It follows that the sine of the central angle of minor arc $AB$ is a rational number. If this number is expressed as a fraction $\frac{m}{n}$ in lowest terms, what is the product $mn$ ?

$[asy]size(100); defaultpen(linewidth(.8pt)+fontsize(11pt)); dotfactor=1; pair O1=(0,0); pair A=(-0.91,-0.41); pair B=(-0.99,0.13); pair C=(0.688,0.728); pair D=(-0.25,0.97); path C1=Circle(O1,1); draw(C1); label("$A$",A,W); label("$B$",B,W); label("$C$",C,NE); label("$D$",D,N); draw(A--D); draw(B--C); pair F=intersectionpoint(A--D,B--C); add(pathticks(A--F,1,0.5,0,3.5)); add(pathticks(F--D,1,0.5,0,3.5)); [/asy]$

Solution

Solution 1

-Credit to Adamz for diagram- $[asy] size(10cm); import olympiad; pair O = (0,0);dot(O);label("$O$",O,SW); pair M = (4,0);dot(M);label("$M$",M,SE); pair N = (4,2);dot(N);label("$N$",N,NE); draw(circle(O,5)); pair B = (4,3);dot(B);label("$B$",B,NE); pair C = (4,-3);dot(C);label("$C$",C,SE); draw(B--C);draw(O--M); pair P = (1.5,2);dot(P);label("$P$",P,W); draw(circle(P,2.5)); pair A=(3,4);dot(A);label("$A$",A,NE); draw(O--A); draw(O--B); pair Q = (1.5,0); dot(Q); label("$Q$",Q,S); pair R = (3,0); dot(R); label("$R$",R,S); draw(P--Q,dotted); draw(A--R,dotted); pair D=(5,0); dot(D); label("$D$",D,E); draw(A--D); [/asy]$ Let $A$ be any fixed point on circle $O$ , and let $AD$ be a chord of circle $O$ . The locus of midpoints $N$ of the chord $AD$ is a circle $P$ , with diameter $AO$ . Generally, the circle $P$ can intersect the chord $BC$ at two points, one point, or they may not have a point of intersection. By the problem condition, however, the circle $P$ is tangent to $BC$ at point $N$ .

Let $M$ be the midpoint of the chord $BC$ . From right triangle $OMB$ , we have $OM = \sqrt{OB^2 - BM^2} =4$ . This gives $\tan \angle BOM = \frac{BM}{OM} = \frac 3 4$ .

Notice that the distance $OM$ equals $PN + PO \cos \angle AOM = r(1 + \cos \angle AOM)$ , where $r$ is the radius of circle $P$ .

Hence $\cos \angle AOM = \frac{OM}{r} - 1 = \frac{2OM}{R} - 1 = \frac 8 5 - 1 = \frac 3 5$ (where $R$ represents the radius, $5$ , of the large circle given in the question). Therefore, since $\angle AOM$ is clearly acute, we see that $\tan \angle AOM =\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2 \angle AOM}}{\cos \angle AOM} = \frac{\sqrt{5^2 - 3^2}}{3} = \frac 4 3$

Next, notice that $\angle AOB = \angle AOM - \angle BOM$ . We can therefore apply the subtraction formula for $\tan$ to obtain $\tan \angle AOB =\frac{\tan \angle AOM - \tan \angle BOM}{1 + \tan \angle AOM \cdot \tan \angle BOM} =\frac{\frac 4 3 - \frac 3 4}{1 + \frac 4 3 \cdot \frac 3 4} = \frac{7}{24}$ It follows that $\sin \angle AOB =\frac{7}{\sqrt{7^2+24^2}} = \frac{7}{25}$ , such that the answer is $7 \cdot 25=\boxed{175}$ .

Solution 2

This solution, while similar to Solution 1, is far more motivated and less contrived.

Firstly, we note the statement in the problem that " $AD$ is the only chord starting at $A$ and bisected by $BC$ " – what is its significance? What is the criterion for this statement to be true?

We consider the locus of midpoints of the chords from $A$ . It is well-known that this is the circle with diameter $AO$ , where $O$ is the center of the circle. The proof is simple: every midpoint of a chord is a dilation of the endpoint with scale factor $\frac{1}{2}$ and center $A$ . Thus, the locus is the result of the dilation with scale factor $\frac{1}{2}$ and centre $A$ of circle $O$ . Let the center of this circle be $P$ .

Now, $AD$ is bisected by $BC$ if they cross at some point $N$ on the circle. Moreover, since $AD$ is the only chord, $BC$ must be tangent to the circle $P$ .

The rest of this problem is straightforward.

Our goal is to find $\sin \angle AOB = \sin{\left(\angle AOM - \angle BOM\right)}$ , where $M$ is the midpoint of $BC$ . We have $BM=3$ and $OM=4$ . Let $R$ be the projection of $A$ onto $OM$ , and similarly let $Q$ be the projection of $P$ onto $OM$ . Then it remains to find $AR$ so that we can use the addition formula for $\sin$ .

As $PN$ is a radius of circle $P$ , $PN=2.5$ , and similarly, $PO=2.5$ . Since $OM=4$ , we have $OQ=OM-QM=OM-PN=4-2.5=1.5$ . Thus $PQ=\sqrt{2.5^2-1.5^2}=2$ .

Further, we see that $\triangle OAR$ is a dilation of $\triangle OPQ$ about center $O$ with scale factor $2$ , so $AR=2PQ=4$ .

Lastly, we apply the formula: $\sin{\left(\angle AOM - \angle BOM\right)} = \sin \angle AOM \cos \angle BOM - \sin \angle BOM \cos \angle AOM = \left(\frac{4}{5}\right)\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)-\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)=\frac{7}{25}$ Thus the answer is $7\cdot25=\boxed{175}$ .

Solution 3 (coordinate geometry)

Let the circle have equation $x^2 + y^2 = 25$ , with centre $O(0,0)$ . Since $BC=6$ , we can calculate (by the Pythagorean Theorem) that the distance from $O$ to the line $BC$ is $4$ . Therefore, we can let $B=(3,4)$ and $C=(-3,4)$ . Now, assume that $A$ is any point on the major arc BC, and $D$ any point on the minor arc BC. We can write $A=(5 \cos \alpha, 5 \sin \alpha)$ , where $\alpha$ is the angle measured from the positive $x$ axis to the ray $OA$ . It will also be convenient to define $\angle XOB = \alpha_0$ .

Firstly, since $B$ must lie in the minor arc $AD$ , we see that $\alpha \in \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha_0,\alpha_0\right)$ . However, since the midpoint of $AD$ must lie on $BC$ , and the highest possible $y$ -coordinate of $D$ is $5$ , we see that the $y$ -coordinate cannot be lower than $3$ , that is, $\alpha \in \left[\sin^{-1}\frac{3}{5},\alpha_0\right)$ .

Secondly, there is a theorem that says that, in a circle, if a chord is bisected by a radius, then they must be perpendicular. Therefore, suppose that $P$ is the intersection point of $AD$ and $BC$ , so that by the theorem, $OP$ is perpendicular to $AD$ . So, if $AD$ is the only chord starting at $A$ which is bisected by $BC$ , this means that $P$ is the only point on the chord $BC$ such that $OP$ is perpendicular to $AD$ . Now suppose that $P=(p,4)$ , where $p \in (-3,3)$ . The fact that $OP$ must be perpendicular to $AD$ is equivalent to the following equation:

$-1 = \left(\text{slope of } OP\right)\left(\text{slope of } AP\right)$ which becomes $-1 = \frac{4}{p} \cdot \frac{5\sin \alpha - 4}{5\cos \alpha - p}$

This rearranges to

$p^2 - (5\cos \alpha)p + 16 - 20 \sin \alpha = 0$

Given that this equation must have only one real root $p\in (-3,3)$ , we study the following function:

$f(x) = x^2 - (5\cos \alpha)x + 16 - 20 \sin \alpha$

First, by the fact that the equation $f(x)=0$ has real solutions, its discriminant $\Delta$ must be non-negative, so we calculate

$\begin{split}\Delta & = (5\cos \alpha)^2 - 4(16-20\sin \alpha) \\ & = 25 (1- \sin^2 \alpha) - 64 + 80 \sin \alpha \\ & = -25 \sin^2 \alpha + 80\sin \alpha - 39 \\ & = (13 - 5\sin \alpha)(5\sin \alpha - 3)\end{split}$

It is obvious that this is in fact non-negative. If it is actually zero, then $\sin \alpha = \frac{3}{5}$ , and $\cos \alpha = \frac{4}{5}$ . In this case, $p = \frac{5\cos \alpha}{2} = 2 \in (-3,3)$ , so we have found a possible solution. We thus calculate $\sin(\text{central angle of minor arc } AB) = \sin (\alpha_0 - \alpha) = \frac{4}{5}\cdot \frac{4}{5} - \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{3}{5} = \frac{7}{25}$ by the subtraction formula for $\sin$ . This means that the answer is $7 \cdot 25 = 175$ .

Addendum to Solution 3

Since this is an AIME problem, we can assume that we are done since we have found one possible case. However, in a full-solution contest, we could not assume that the answer is unique, but would need to prove that this is the unique solution. This can be proven as follows.

Suppose that $\Delta > 0$ , which would mean that there could be two real roots of $f(x)$ , one lying in the interval $(-3,3)$ , and another outside of it. We also see, by Vieta's Formulas, that the average of the two roots is $\frac{5\cos \alpha}{2}$ , which is non-negative, so the root outside of $(-3,3)$ must be no less than $3$ . By considering the graph of $y=f(x)$ , which is a "U-shaped" parabola, it is now evident that $f(-3) > 0$ and $f(3)\leq 0$ . We can just use the second inequality:

$0 \geq f(3) = 25 - 15\cos \alpha - 20 \sin \alpha$ so $3\cos \alpha + 4 \sin \alpha \geq 5$

The only way for this inequality to be satisfied is when $A=B$ (by applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, or just plotting the line $3x+4y=5$ to see that point $A$ can't be above this line), which does not make sense in the original problem statement. (For it would mean that the point $A$ lies in the half-plane above the line $3x+4y=5$ , inclusive, and the half-plane below the line $-3x+4y=5$ , exclusive. This can be seen to be impossible by drawing the lines and observing that the intersection of the two half-planes does not share any point with the circle.)

@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 Let the circle have equation <math>x^2 + y^2 = 25</math>, with centre <math>O(0,0)</math>. Since <math>BC=6</math>, we can calculate (by the Pythagorean Theorem) that the distance from <math>O</math> to the line <math>BC</math> is <math>4</math>. Therefore, we can let <math>B=(3,4)</math> and <math>C=(-3,4)</math>. Now, assume that <math>A</math> is any point on the major arc BC, and <math>D</math> any point on the minor arc BC. We can write <math>A=(5 \cos \alpha, 5 \sin \alpha)</math>, where <math>\alpha</math> is the angle measured from the positive <math>x</math> axis to the ray <math>OA</math>. It will also be convenient to define <math>\angle XOB = \alpha_0</math>.
-Firstly, since <math>B</math> must lie in the minor arc <math>AD</math>, we see that <math>\alpha \in \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha_0,\alpha_0\right)</math>. However, since the midpoint of <math>AD</math> must lie on <math>BC</math>, and the highest possible <math>y</math>-coordinate of <math>D</math> is <math>5</math>, we see that the <math>y</math>-coordinate cannott be lower than <math>3</math>, that is, <math>\alpha \in \left[\sin^{-1}\frac{3}{5},\alpha_0\right)</math>.
+Firstly, since <math>B</math> must lie in the minor arc <math>AD</math>, we see that <math>\alpha \in \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha_0,\alpha_0\right)</math>. However, since the midpoint of <math>AD</math> must lie on <math>BC</math>, and the highest possible <math>y</math>-coordinate of <math>D</math> is <math>5</math>, we see that the <math>y</math>-coordinate cannot be lower than <math>3</math>, that is, <math>\alpha \in \left[\sin^{-1}\frac{3}{5},\alpha_0\right)</math>.
 Secondly, there is a theorem that says that, in a circle, if a chord is bisected by a radius, then they must be perpendicular. Therefore, suppose that <math>P</math> is the intersection point of <math>AD</math> and <math>BC</math>, so that by the theorem, <math>OP</math> is perpendicular to <math>AD</math>. So, if <math>AD</math> is the only chord starting at <math>A</math> which is bisected by <math>BC</math>, this means that <math>P</math> is the only point on the chord <math>BC</math> such that <math>OP</math> is perpendicular to <math>AD</math>. Now suppose that <math>P=(p,4)</math>, where <math>p \in (-3,3)</math>. The fact that <math>OP</math> must be perpendicular to <math>AD</math> is equivalent to the following equation:

1983 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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