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Difference between revisions of "2008 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 23"

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<math>\mathrm{(A)}\ 20\qquad\mathrm{(B)}\ 40\qquad\mathrm{(C)}\ 60\qquad\mathrm{(D)}\ 160\qquad\mathrm{(E)}\ 320</math>
 
<math>\mathrm{(A)}\ 20\qquad\mathrm{(B)}\ 40\qquad\mathrm{(C)}\ 60\qquad\mathrm{(D)}\ 160\qquad\mathrm{(E)}\ 320</math>
  
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==Solution==
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==Solutions:==
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−
 
 
===Solution 1===
 
===Solution 1===
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First choose the two letters to be repeated in each set.  <math>\dbinom{5}{2}=10</math>.  Now we have three remaining elements that we wish to place into two separate subsets. There are <math>2^3 = 8 </math> ways to do so (Do you see why? It's because each of the three remaining letters can be placed either into the first or second subset. Both of those subsets contain the two chosen elements, so their intersection is the two chosen elements). Unfortunately, we have over-counted  (Take for example <math>S_{1} = \{a,b,c,d \}</math> and <math>S_{2} = \{a,b,e \}</math>). Notice how <math>S_{1}</math> and <math>S_{2}</math> are interchangeable. A simple division by two will fix this problem. Thus we have:
+
First, choose the two letters to be repeated in each set.  <math>\dbinom{5}{2}=10</math>.  Now we have three remaining elements that we wish to place into two separate subsets. There are <math>2^3 = 8 </math> ways to do so because each of the three remaining letters can be placed either into the first or second subset. Both of those subsets contain the two chosen elements, so their intersection is the two chosen elements). Unfortunately, we have over-counted  (Take for example <math>S_{1} = \{a,b,c,d \}</math> and <math>S_{2} = \{a,b,e \}</math>). Notice how <math>S_{1}</math> and <math>S_{2}</math> are interchangeable. Division by two will fix this problem. Thus we have:
  
 
<math> \dfrac{10 \times 8}{2} = 40 \implies \boxed{\text{B}} </math>
 
<math> \dfrac{10 \times 8}{2} = 40 \implies \boxed{\text{B}} </math>
  
 +
===Solution 2===
 +
Another way of looking at this problem is to break it down into cases.
 +
 +
First, our two subsets can have 2 and 5 elements. The 5-element subset (aka the set) will contain the 2-element subset. There are <math>\dbinom{5}{2}=10</math> ways to choose the 2-element subset. Thus, there are <math>10</math> ways to create these sets.
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 +
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Second, the subsets can have 3 and 4 elements. <math>3+4=7</math> non-distinct elements. <math>7-5=2</math> elements in the intersection. There are <math>\dbinom{5}{3}=10</math> ways to choose the 3-element subset. For the 4-element subset, two of the elements must be the remaining elements (not in the 3-element subset). The other two have to be a subset of the 3-element subset. There are <math>\dbinom{3}{2}=3</math> ways to choose these two elements, which means there are 3 ways to choose the 4-element subset. Therefore, there are <math>10\cdot3=30</math> ways to choose these sets.
  
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Alternatively, after picking the two elements in both sets in <math>\dbinom{5}{2}=10</math> ways, we can use stars and bars to assign the remaining 3 elements to the sets. There are 3 stars, and 1 bar, so there are 4 total ways of assigning the elements. Then there are <math>10\cdot4=40</math> ways to create the sets.
 
  
 +
This leads us to the answer:
  
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===Solution 2===
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<math> 10+30=40 \implies \boxed{\textbf{(B) 40}} </math>
−
Another way of looking at this problem is to break it down into cases.
 
  
−
First, our two subsets can have 2 and 5 elements. The 5-element subset (aka the set) will contain the 2-element subset. There are <math>\dbinom{5}{2}=10</math> ways to choose the 2-element subset. Thus, there are 10 ways to create these sets.
+
===Solution 3 ===
 +
We label the subsets subset 1 and subset 2. Suppose the first subset has <math>k</math> elements where <math>k<5.</math> The second element has <math>5-k</math> elements which the first subset does not contain (in order for the union to be the whole set). Additionally, the second set has 2 elements in common with the first subset. Therefore the number of ways to choose these sets is <math>\binom{5}{k} \cdot \binom{k}{2}.</math> Computing for <math>k<5</math> we have <math>10+30+30+10=80.</math> Divide by 2 as order does not matter to get <math>40.</math>
  
 +
===Solution 4 (Stars And Bars) [Isn't actually a valid solution]===
 +
There are <math>\dbinom{5}{2}=10</math> ways to choose the 2 shared elements. We now must place the 3 remaining elements into the subsets. Using stars and bars, we can notate this as: <math>I I I X \rightarrow \dbinom{4}{3}=4</math>. Thus, <math>4*10=\boxed{\textbf{(B) 40}} </math>
  
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Second, the subsets can have 3 and 4 elements. <math>3+4=7</math> non-distinct elements. <math>7-5=2</math> elements in the intersection. There are <math>\dbinom{5}{3}=10</math> ways to choose the 3-element subset. For the 4-element subset, two of the elements must be the remaining elements (not in the 3-element subset). The other two have to be a subset of the 3-element subset. There are <math>\dbinom{3}{2}=3</math> ways to choose these two elements, which means there are 3 ways to choose the 4-element subset. Therefore, there are <math>10\cdot3=30</math> ways to choose these sets
+
Note from harryhero:
  
 +
This actually doesn't work for higher cases. In the 6-case, for example, we obtain an incorrect answer of <math>50</math> using this method when it should be <math>80.</math> This occurs due to the lack of order for the three elements - for example, having a, b on one side and d on another is different from b, c on one side and e on another, but we've counted both cases equally in the stars-and-bars method.
  
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This leads us to the answer:
+
== Video Solution by OmegaLearn ==
 +
https://youtu.be/mIJ8VMuuVvA?t=720
  
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<center>
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~ pi_is_3.14
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<math> 10+30=40 \implies \boxed{\text{(B)  40}} </math>
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
{{AMC10 box|year=2008|ab=A|num-b=22|num-a=24}}
 
{{AMC10 box|year=2008|ab=A|num-b=22|num-a=24}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}

Latest revision as of 12:41, 12 October 2024

Problem

Two subsets of the set $S=\lbrace a,b,c,d,e\rbrace$ are to be chosen so that their union is $S$ and their intersection contains exactly two elements. In how many ways can this be done, assuming that the order in which the subsets are chosen does not matter?

$\mathrm{(A)}\ 20\qquad\mathrm{(B)}\ 40\qquad\mathrm{(C)}\ 60\qquad\mathrm{(D)}\ 160\qquad\mathrm{(E)}\ 320$

Solutions:

Solution 1

First, choose the two letters to be repeated in each set. $\dbinom{5}{2}=10$. Now we have three remaining elements that we wish to place into two separate subsets. There are $2^3 = 8$ ways to do so because each of the three remaining letters can be placed either into the first or second subset. Both of those subsets contain the two chosen elements, so their intersection is the two chosen elements). Unfortunately, we have over-counted (Take for example $S_{1} = \{a,b,c,d \}$ and $S_{2} = \{a,b,e \}$). Notice how $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ are interchangeable. Division by two will fix this problem. Thus we have:

$\dfrac{10 \times 8}{2} = 40 \implies \boxed{\text{B}}$

Solution 2

Another way of looking at this problem is to break it down into cases.

First, our two subsets can have 2 and 5 elements. The 5-element subset (aka the set) will contain the 2-element subset. There are $\dbinom{5}{2}=10$ ways to choose the 2-element subset. Thus, there are $10$ ways to create these sets.


Second, the subsets can have 3 and 4 elements. $3+4=7$ non-distinct elements. $7-5=2$ elements in the intersection. There are $\dbinom{5}{3}=10$ ways to choose the 3-element subset. For the 4-element subset, two of the elements must be the remaining elements (not in the 3-element subset). The other two have to be a subset of the 3-element subset. There are $\dbinom{3}{2}=3$ ways to choose these two elements, which means there are 3 ways to choose the 4-element subset. Therefore, there are $10\cdot3=30$ ways to choose these sets.


This leads us to the answer:

$10+30=40 \implies \boxed{\textbf{(B) 40}}$

Solution 3

We label the subsets subset 1 and subset 2. Suppose the first subset has $k$ elements where $k<5.$ The second element has $5-k$ elements which the first subset does not contain (in order for the union to be the whole set). Additionally, the second set has 2 elements in common with the first subset. Therefore the number of ways to choose these sets is $\binom{5}{k} \cdot \binom{k}{2}.$ Computing for $k<5$ we have $10+30+30+10=80.$ Divide by 2 as order does not matter to get $40.$

Solution 4 (Stars And Bars) [Isn't actually a valid solution]

There are $\dbinom{5}{2}=10$ ways to choose the 2 shared elements. We now must place the 3 remaining elements into the subsets. Using stars and bars, we can notate this as: $I I I X \rightarrow \dbinom{4}{3}=4$. Thus, $4*10=\boxed{\textbf{(B) 40}}$

Note from harryhero:

This actually doesn't work for higher cases. In the 6-case, for example, we obtain an incorrect answer of $50$ using this method when it should be $80.$ This occurs due to the lack of order for the three elements - for example, having a, b on one side and d on another is different from b, c on one side and e on another, but we've counted both cases equally in the stars-and-bars method.

Video Solution by OmegaLearn

https://youtu.be/mIJ8VMuuVvA?t=720

~ pi_is_3.14

See also

2008 AMC 10A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 22 		Followed by
Problem 24
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions

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