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Difference between revisions of "2007 AIME I Problems/Problem 13"

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== Problem ==
 
== Problem ==
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A [[square]] [[pyramid]] with [[base]] <math>ABCD</math> and [[vertex]] <math>E</math> has eight [[edge]]s of length <math>4</math>.  A [[plane]] passes through the [[midpoint]]s of <math>AE</math>, <math>BC</math>, and <math>CD</math>.  The plane's intersection with the pyramid has an area that can be expressed as <math>\sqrt{p}</math>.  Find <math>p</math>.
+
A square pyramid with base <math>ABCD</math> and vertex <math>E</math> has eight edges of length <math>4</math>.  A plane passes through the midpoints of <math>AE</math>, <math>BC</math>, and <math>CD</math>.  The plane's intersection with the pyramid has an area that can be expressed as <math>\sqrt{p}</math>.  Find <math>p</math>.
  
 
[[Image:AIME I 2007-13.png]]
 
[[Image:AIME I 2007-13.png]]
−
 
−
{|
 
−
|-
 
−
|__TOC__
 
−
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
−
|<asy>import three; pointpen = black; pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7); currentprojection = perspective(2.5,-12,4);
 
−
triple A=(-2,2,0), B=(2,2,0), C=(2,-2,0), D=(-2,-2,0), E=(0,0,2*2^.5), P=(A+E)/2, Q=(B+C)/2, R=(C+D)/2;
 
−
D(A--B--C--D--A--E--B--E--C--E--D); MP("A",A); MP("B",B,(1,0,0)); MP("C",C); MP("D",D); MP("E",E,N); D(MP("P",P)); D(MP("Q",Q,(1,0,0))); D(MP("R",R));
 
−
</asy> <!-- Asymptote replacement for Image:AIME_I_2007-13.png -->
 
−
|}
 
  
 
== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
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Note first that the intersection is a [[pentagon]].
 
Note first that the intersection is a [[pentagon]].
  
−
Use 3D analytical geometry, setting the origin as the center of the square base and the pyramid’s points oriented as shown above. <math>A(-2,2,0),\ B(2,2,0),\ C(2,-2,0),\ D(-2,-2,0),\ E(0,0,2\sqrt{2})</math>. Using the coordinates of the three points of intersection (<math>(-1,1,\sqrt{2}),\ (2,0,0),\ (0,-2,0)</math>), it is possible to determine the equation of the plane. The equation of a plane resembles <math>ax + by + cz = d</math>, and using the points we find that <math>2a = d \Longrightarrow d = \frac{a}{2}</math>, <math>-2b = d \Longrightarrow d = \frac{-b}{2}</math>, and <math>-a + b + \sqrt{2}c = d \Longrightarrow -\frac{d}{2} - \frac{d}{2} + \sqrt{2}c = d \Longrightarrow c = d\sqrt{2}</math>. It is then <math>x - y + 2\sqrt{2}z = 2</math>.
+
Use 3D analytical geometry, setting the origin as the center of the square base and the pyramid’s points oriented as shown above. <math>A(-2,2,0),\ B(2,2,0),\ C(2,-2,0),\ D(-2,-2,0),\ E(0,0,2\sqrt{2})</math>. Using the coordinates of the three points of intersection <math>(-1,1,\sqrt{2}),\ (2,0,0),\ (0,-2,0)</math>, it is possible to determine the equation of the plane. The equation of a plane resembles <math>ax + by + cz = d</math>, and using the points we find that <math>2a = d \Longrightarrow d = \frac{a}{2}</math>, <math>-2b = d \Longrightarrow d = \frac{-b}{2}</math>, and <math>-a + b + \sqrt{2}c = d \Longrightarrow -\frac{d}{2} - \frac{d}{2} + \sqrt{2}c = d \Longrightarrow c = d\sqrt{2}</math>. It is then <math>x - y + 2\sqrt{2}z = 2</math>.
  
−
<center> <asy>import three; pointpen = black; pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7); currentprojection = perspective(2.5,-12,4);
+
<center>  
 +
<asy>import three;  
 +
pointpen = black;  
 +
pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7);  
 +
currentprojection = perspective(2.5,-12,4);
 
triple A=(-2,2,0), B=(2,2,0), C=(2,-2,0), D=(-2,-2,0), E=(0,0,2*2^.5), P=(A+E)/2, Q=(B+C)/2, R=(C+D)/2, Y=(-3/2,-3/2,2^.5/2),X=(3/2,3/2,2^.5/2);
 
triple A=(-2,2,0), B=(2,2,0), C=(2,-2,0), D=(-2,-2,0), E=(0,0,2*2^.5), P=(A+E)/2, Q=(B+C)/2, R=(C+D)/2, Y=(-3/2,-3/2,2^.5/2),X=(3/2,3/2,2^.5/2);
−
D(A--B--C--D--A--E--B--E--C--E--D); MP("A",A); MP("B",B,(1,0,0)); MP("C",C); MP("D",D); MP("E",E,N); D(MP("P",P)); D(MP("Q",Q,(1,0,0))); D(MP("R",R));  D(MP("Y",Y,NW));  D(MP("X",X,NE)); D(P--X--Q--R--Y--cycle,linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7));  
+
draw(A--B--C--D--A--E--B--E--C--E--D);  
−
</asy>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<asy>pointpen = black; pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7);  
+
label("A",A, SE);  
 +
label("B",B,(1,0,0));  
 +
label("C",C, SE);  
 +
label("D",D, W);  
 +
label("E",E,N);  
 +
label("P",P, NW);  
 +
label("Q",Q,(1,0,0));  
 +
label("R",R, S);   
 +
label("Y",Y,NW);   
 +
label("X",X,NE);  
 +
draw(P--X--Q--R--Y--cycle,linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7));  
 +
</asy>
 +
<asy>
 +
pointpen = black;  
 +
pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7);  
 
pair P = (0, 2.5^.5), X = (3/2^.5,0), Y = (-3/2^.5,0), Q = (2^.5,-2.5^.5), R = (-2^.5,-2.5^.5);  
 
pair P = (0, 2.5^.5), X = (3/2^.5,0), Y = (-3/2^.5,0), Q = (2^.5,-2.5^.5), R = (-2^.5,-2.5^.5);  
−
D(MP("P",P,N)--MP("X",X,NE)--MP("Q",Q)--MP("R",R)--MP("Y",Y,NW)--cycle); D(X--Y,linetype("6 6") + linewidth(0.7)); D(P--(0,-P.y),linetype("6 6") + linewidth(0.7));
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D(MP("P",P,N)--MP("X",X,NE)--MP("Q",Q)--MP("R",R)--MP("Y",Y,NW)--cycle);  
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MP("3\sqrt{2}",(X+Y)/2); MP("2\sqrt{2}",(Q+R)/2); MP("\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}",(0,-P.y/2),E); MP("\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}",(0,2*P.y/5),E);  
+
D(X--Y,linetype("6 6") + linewidth(0.7)+blue); D(P--(0,-P.y),linetype("6 6") + linewidth(0.7) + red);
 +
MP("\color{blue}{3\sqrt{2}}",(X+Y)/2);  
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MP("2\sqrt{2}",(Q+R)/2);  
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MP("\color{red}{\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}}",(0,-P.y/2),E);  
 +
MP("\color{red}{\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}}",(0,2*P.y/5),E);  
 
</asy>
 
</asy>
−
 
 
</center>
 
</center>
  
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Note that the plane determined by <math>\triangle BDE</math> has the equation <math>x=y</math>, and <math>\overline{PQ}</math> can be described by <math>x=2(1-t)-t,\ y=t,\ z=t\sqrt{2}</math>. It intersects the plane when <math>2(1-t)-t=t</math>, or <math>t=\frac{1}{2}</math>. This intersection point has <math>z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>. Similarly, the intersection between <math>\overline{PR}</math> and <math>\triangle BDE</math> has <math>z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>. So <math>\overline{XY}</math> lies on the plane <math>z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>, from which we obtain <math>X=\left( \frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)</math> and <math>Y=\left( -\frac{3}{2},-\frac{3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)</math>. The area of the pentagon <math>EXQRY</math> can be computed in the same way as above.
 
Note that the plane determined by <math>\triangle BDE</math> has the equation <math>x=y</math>, and <math>\overline{PQ}</math> can be described by <math>x=2(1-t)-t,\ y=t,\ z=t\sqrt{2}</math>. It intersects the plane when <math>2(1-t)-t=t</math>, or <math>t=\frac{1}{2}</math>. This intersection point has <math>z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>. Similarly, the intersection between <math>\overline{PR}</math> and <math>\triangle BDE</math> has <math>z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>. So <math>\overline{XY}</math> lies on the plane <math>z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>, from which we obtain <math>X=\left( \frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)</math> and <math>Y=\left( -\frac{3}{2},-\frac{3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)</math>. The area of the pentagon <math>EXQRY</math> can be computed in the same way as above.
 +
 +
=== Solution 3 ===
 +
<center>
 +
<asy>import three;
 +
import math;
 +
pointpen = black;
 +
pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7);
 +
currentprojection = perspective(2.5,-12,4);
 +
triple A=(-2,2,0), B=(2,2,0), C=(2,-2,0), D=(-2,-2,0), E=(0,0,2*2^.5), P=(A+E)/2, Q=(B+C)/2, R=(C+D)/2, Y=(-3/2,-3/2,2^.5/2),X=(3/2,3/2,2^.5/2), H=(4,2,0), I=(-2,-4,0);
 +
draw(A--B--C--D--A--E--B--E--C--E--D);
 +
draw(B--H--Q, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue);
 +
draw(X--H, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue);
 +
draw(D--I--R, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue);
 +
draw(Y--I, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue);
 +
label("A",A, SE);
 +
label("B",B,NE);
 +
label("C",C, SE);
 +
label("D",D, W);
 +
label("E",E,N);
 +
label("P",P, NW);
 +
label("Q",Q,(1,0,0));
 +
label("R",R, S); 
 +
label("Y",Y,NW); 
 +
label("X",X,NE);
 +
label("H",H,NE);
 +
label("I",I,S);
 +
draw(P--X--Q--R--Y--cycle,linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7));
 +
</asy>
 +
</center>
 +
Extend <math>\overline{RQ}</math> and <math>\overline{AB}</math>. The point of intersection is <math>H</math>. Connect <math>\overline{PH}</math>. <math>\overline{EB}</math> intersects <math>\overline{PH}</math> at <math>X</math>. Do the same for <math>\overline{QR}</math> and <math>\overline{AD}</math>, and let the intersections be <math>I</math> and <math>Y</math>
 +
 +
Because <math>Q</math> is the midpoint of <math>\overline{BC}</math>, and <math>\overline{AB}\parallel\overline{DC}</math>, so <math>\triangle{RQC}\cong\triangle{HQB}</math>. <math>\overline{BH}=2</math>.
 +
 +
Because <math>\overline{BH}=2</math>, we can use mass point geometry to get that <math>\overline{PX}=\overline{XH}</math>. <math>|\triangle{XHQ}|=\frac{\overline{XH}}{\overline{PH}}\cdot\frac{\overline{QH}}{\overline{HI}}\cdot|\triangle{PHI}|=\frac{1}{6}\cdot|\triangle{PHI}|</math>
 +
 +
Using the same principle, we can get that <math>|\triangle{IYR}|=\frac{1}{6}|\triangle{PHI}|</math>
 +
 +
Therefore, the area of <math>PYRQX</math> is <math>\frac{2}{3}\cdot|\triangle{PHI}|</math>
 +
 +
<math>\overline{RQ}=2\sqrt{2}</math>, so <math>\overline{IH}=6\sqrt{2}</math>. Using the law of cosines, <math>\overline{PH}=\sqrt{28}</math>. The area of <math>\triangle{PHI}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\sqrt{28-18}\cdot6\sqrt{2}=6\sqrt{5}</math>
 +
 +
Using this, we can get the area of <math>PYRQX = \sqrt{80}</math> so the answer is <math>\fbox{080}</math>.
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 22:30, 18 June 2024

Problem

A square pyramid with base $ABCD$ and vertex $E$ has eight edges of length $4$. A plane passes through the midpoints of $AE$, $BC$, and $CD$. The plane's intersection with the pyramid has an area that can be expressed as $\sqrt{p}$. Find $p$.

AIME I 2007-13.png

Solution

Solution 1

Note first that the intersection is a pentagon.

Use 3D analytical geometry, setting the origin as the center of the square base and the pyramid’s points oriented as shown above. $A(-2,2,0),\ B(2,2,0),\ C(2,-2,0),\ D(-2,-2,0),\ E(0,0,2\sqrt{2})$. Using the coordinates of the three points of intersection $(-1,1,\sqrt{2}),\ (2,0,0),\ (0,-2,0)$, it is possible to determine the equation of the plane. The equation of a plane resembles $ax + by + cz = d$, and using the points we find that $2a = d \Longrightarrow d = \frac{a}{2}$, $-2b = d \Longrightarrow d = \frac{-b}{2}$, and $-a + b + \sqrt{2}c = d \Longrightarrow -\frac{d}{2} - \frac{d}{2} + \sqrt{2}c = d \Longrightarrow c = d\sqrt{2}$. It is then $x - y + 2\sqrt{2}z = 2$.

[asy]import three; pointpen = black; pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7); currentprojection = perspective(2.5,-12,4); triple A=(-2,2,0), B=(2,2,0), C=(2,-2,0), D=(-2,-2,0), E=(0,0,2*2^.5), P=(A+E)/2, Q=(B+C)/2, R=(C+D)/2, Y=(-3/2,-3/2,2^.5/2),X=(3/2,3/2,2^.5/2); draw(A--B--C--D--A--E--B--E--C--E--D); label("A",A, SE); label("B",B,(1,0,0)); label("C",C, SE); label("D",D, W); label("E",E,N); label("P",P, NW); label("Q",Q,(1,0,0)); label("R",R, S); label("Y",Y,NW); label("X",X,NE); draw(P--X--Q--R--Y--cycle,linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)); [/asy] [asy] pointpen = black; pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7); pair P = (0, 2.5^.5), X = (3/2^.5,0), Y = (-3/2^.5,0), Q = (2^.5,-2.5^.5), R = (-2^.5,-2.5^.5); D(MP("P",P,N)--MP("X",X,NE)--MP("Q",Q)--MP("R",R)--MP("Y",Y,NW)--cycle); D(X--Y,linetype("6 6") + linewidth(0.7)+blue); D(P--(0,-P.y),linetype("6 6") + linewidth(0.7) + red); MP("\color{blue}{3\sqrt{2}}",(X+Y)/2); MP("2\sqrt{2}",(Q+R)/2); MP("\color{red}{\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}}",(0,-P.y/2),E); MP("\color{red}{\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}}",(0,2*P.y/5),E); [/asy]

Write the equation of the lines and substitute to find that the other two points of intersection on $\overline{BE}$, $\overline{DE}$ are $\left(\frac{\pm 3}{2},\frac{\pm 3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)$. To find the area of the pentagon, break it up into pieces (an isosceles triangle on the top, an isosceles trapezoid on the bottom). Using the distance formula ($\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}$), it is possible to find that the area of the triangle is $\frac{1}{2}bh \Longrightarrow \frac{1}{2} 3\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac 52} = \frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2}$. The trapezoid has area $\frac{1}{2}h(b_1 + b_2) \Longrightarrow \frac 12\sqrt{\frac 52}\left(2\sqrt{2} + 3\sqrt{2}\right) = \frac{5\sqrt{5}}{2}$. In total, the area is $4\sqrt{5} = \sqrt{80}$, and the solution is $\boxed{080}$.

Solution 2

Use the same coordinate system as above, and let the plane determined by $\triangle PQR$ intersect $\overline{BE}$ at $X$ and $\overline{DE}$ at $Y$. Then the line $\overline{XY}$ is the intersection of the planes determined by $\triangle PQR$ and $\triangle BDE$.

Note that the plane determined by $\triangle BDE$ has the equation $x=y$, and $\overline{PQ}$ can be described by $x=2(1-t)-t,\ y=t,\ z=t\sqrt{2}$. It intersects the plane when $2(1-t)-t=t$, or $t=\frac{1}{2}$. This intersection point has $z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$. Similarly, the intersection between $\overline{PR}$ and $\triangle BDE$ has $z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$. So $\overline{XY}$ lies on the plane $z=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$, from which we obtain $X=\left( \frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)$ and $Y=\left( -\frac{3}{2},-\frac{3}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)$. The area of the pentagon $EXQRY$ can be computed in the same way as above.

Solution 3

[asy]import three; import math; pointpen = black; pathpen = black+linewidth(0.7); currentprojection = perspective(2.5,-12,4); triple A=(-2,2,0), B=(2,2,0), C=(2,-2,0), D=(-2,-2,0), E=(0,0,2*2^.5), P=(A+E)/2, Q=(B+C)/2, R=(C+D)/2, Y=(-3/2,-3/2,2^.5/2),X=(3/2,3/2,2^.5/2), H=(4,2,0), I=(-2,-4,0); draw(A--B--C--D--A--E--B--E--C--E--D); draw(B--H--Q, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue); draw(X--H, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue); draw(D--I--R, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue); draw(Y--I, linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)+blue); label("A",A, SE); label("B",B,NE); label("C",C, SE); label("D",D, W); label("E",E,N); label("P",P, NW); label("Q",Q,(1,0,0)); label("R",R, S); label("Y",Y,NW); label("X",X,NE); label("H",H,NE); label("I",I,S); draw(P--X--Q--R--Y--cycle,linetype("6 6")+linewidth(0.7)); [/asy]

Extend $\overline{RQ}$ and $\overline{AB}$. The point of intersection is $H$. Connect $\overline{PH}$. $\overline{EB}$ intersects $\overline{PH}$ at $X$. Do the same for $\overline{QR}$ and $\overline{AD}$, and let the intersections be $I$ and $Y$

Because $Q$ is the midpoint of $\overline{BC}$, and $\overline{AB}\parallel\overline{DC}$, so $\triangle{RQC}\cong\triangle{HQB}$. $\overline{BH}=2$.

Because $\overline{BH}=2$, we can use mass point geometry to get that $\overline{PX}=\overline{XH}$. $|\triangle{XHQ}|=\frac{\overline{XH}}{\overline{PH}}\cdot\frac{\overline{QH}}{\overline{HI}}\cdot|\triangle{PHI}|=\frac{1}{6}\cdot|\triangle{PHI}|$

Using the same principle, we can get that $|\triangle{IYR}|=\frac{1}{6}|\triangle{PHI}|$

Therefore, the area of $PYRQX$ is $\frac{2}{3}\cdot|\triangle{PHI}|$

$\overline{RQ}=2\sqrt{2}$, so $\overline{IH}=6\sqrt{2}$. Using the law of cosines, $\overline{PH}=\sqrt{28}$. The area of $\triangle{PHI}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\sqrt{28-18}\cdot6\sqrt{2}=6\sqrt{5}$

Using this, we can get the area of $PYRQX = \sqrt{80}$ so the answer is $\fbox{080}$.

See also

2007 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 12 		Followed by
Problem 14
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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