Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "2013 AIME II Problems/Problem 11"

m (→‎Solution 1 Clarified)
 
(3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 17: Line 17:
 
==Solution 1 Clarified==
 
==Solution 1 Clarified==
  
−
Define the three layers as [[domain]] <math>x</math>, [[codomain]] <math>f(x)</math>, and codomain <math>f(f(x))</math>. Each one of them is contained in the [[set]] <math>A</math>. We know that <math>f(f(x))</math> is a [[constant function]], or in other words, can only take on one value. So, we can start off by choosing that value <math>c</math> in <math>7</math> ways. So now, we choose the values that can be <math>f(x)</math> for all those values should satisfy <math>f(f(x))=c</math>. Let's <math>S</math> be that set of values. First things first, we must have <math>c</math> to be part of <math>S</math>, for the <math>S</math> is part of the domain of <math>x</math>. Since the values in <math>i\in S</math> all satisfy <math>f(i) = c</math>, we have <math>c</math> to be a value that <math>f(x)</math> can be. Now, for the elements other than <math>5</math>:
+
Define the three layers as [[domain]] <math>x</math>, [[codomain]] <math>f(x)</math>, and codomain <math>f(f(x))</math>. Each one of them is contained in the [[set]] <math>A</math>. We know that <math>f(f(x))</math> is a [[constant function]], or in other words, can only take on one value. So, we can start off by choosing that value <math>c</math> in <math>7</math> ways. So now, we choose the values that can be <math>f(x)</math> for all those values should satisfy <math>f(f(x))=c</math>. Let <math>S</math> be that set of values. First things first, we must have <math>c</math> to be part of <math>S</math>, for the <math>S</math> is part of the domain of <math>x</math>. Since the values in <math>i\in S</math> all satisfy <math>f(i) = c</math>, we have <math>c</math> to be a value that <math>f(x)</math> can be. Now, for the elements other than <math>5</math>:
  
−
If we have <math>k</math> elements other than <math>5</math> that can be part of <math>S</math>, we will have <math>\binom{6}{k}</math> ways to choose those values. There will also be <math>k</math> ways for each of the elements in <math>A</math> other than <math>c</math> and those in set <math>S</math> (for when [[function]] <math>f</math> is applied on those values, we already know it would be <math>c</math>). There are <math>6-k</math> elements in <math>A</math> other than <math>c</math> and those in set <math>S</math>. Thus, there should be <math>6^{6-k}</math> ways to match the domain <math>x</math> to the values of <math>f(x)</math>. Summing up all possible values of <math>k</math> (<math>[1,6]</math>), we have
+
If we have <math>k</math> elements other than <math>5</math> that can be part of <math>S</math>, we will have <math>\binom{6}{k}</math> ways to choose those values. There will also be <math>k</math> ways for each of the elements in <math>A</math> other than <math>c</math> and those in set <math>S</math> (for when [[function]] <math>f</math> is applied on those values, we already know it would be <math>c</math>). There are <math>6-k</math> elements in <math>A</math> other than <math>c</math> and those in set <math>S</math>. Thus, there should be <math>k^{6-k}</math> ways to match the domain <math>x</math> to the values of <math>f(x)</math>. Summing up all possible values of <math>k</math> (<math>[1,6]</math>), we have
  
−
<cmath>\sum_{k=1}^6 k^{6-k} = 6\cdot 1 + 15\cdot 16 + 20\cdot 27 + 15\cdot 16 + 6\cdot 5 + 1) = 1057</cmath>
+
<cmath>\sum_{k=1}^6 \binom{6}{k} k^{6-k} = 6\cdot 1 + 15\cdot 16 + 20\cdot 27 + 15\cdot 16 + 6\cdot 5 + 1 = 1057</cmath>
  
 
Multiplying that by the original <math>7</math> for the choice of <math>c</math>, we have <math>7 \cdot 1057 = 7\boxed{399}.</math>
 
Multiplying that by the original <math>7</math> for the choice of <math>c</math>, we have <math>7 \cdot 1057 = 7\boxed{399}.</math>
  
−
~sml1809
+
 
 +
==Solution 2==
 +
 
 +
It is clear that we must have one fixed point (that is, <math>f(x)=x</math>). WLOG, let <math>x=1</math> be a fixed point, so <math>f(1)=1</math>.
 +
 
 +
Now, let's do casework on how many of the inputs <math>2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7</math> leads to <math>1</math>. Generally, if some values in that aforementioned list leads to <math>1</math>, then running it in the function again will yield <math>1</math>. All other values must be the the values that leads to <math>1</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
For example:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<math>\textbf{Case 1:}</math> All <math>6</math> of <math>2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7</math> lead to <math>1</math>.
 +
In this case, there is only <math>1</math> way.
 +
 
 +
<math>\textbf{Case 2:}</math> <math>5</math> of <math>6</math> of <math>2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7</math> lead to <math>1</math>.
 +
In this case, we choose <math>5</math> of the <math>6</math> to lead to <math>1</math>: <math>6\choose5</math>.
 +
 
 +
Then, the other value that does not lead to <math>1</math> should be one of the values that do: <math>5</math> ways.
 +
 
 +
<math>\binom{6}{5}\cdot5</math>
 +
 
 +
<math>\textbf{Case 3:}</math> <math>4</math> of <math>6</math> lead to <math>1</math>.
 +
Choose which lead to <math>1</math>: <math>6\choose4</math> then the other values: <math>4^2</math> ways
 +
 
 +
<math>\binom{6}{4}\cdot4^2</math>
 +
 
 +
<math>\textbf{Case 4:}</math> <math>3</math> of <math>6</math> lead to <math>1</math>.
 +
<math>\binom{6}{3}\cdot3^3</math>
 +
 
 +
<math>\textbf{Case 5:}</math> <math>2</math> of <math>6</math> lead to <math>1</math>.
 +
<math>\binom{6}{2}\cdot2^4</math>
 +
 
 +
<math>\textbf{Case 6:}</math> <math>1</math> of <math>6</math> lead to <math>1</math>.
 +
<math>\binom{6}{1}\cdot1^5</math>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Adding up all the cases, we have <math>1057</math> cases. But don't forget to account for the WLOG and multiply by <math>7</math>, yielding us the final answer of <math>7\boxed{399}.</math>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
~xHypotenuse
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Video Solution==
 +
https://youtu.be/aaO7abKG0BQ?si=KLfz6oyzVR0d8D13
 +
 
 +
~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com
 +
 
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Latest revision as of 22:20, 17 October 2024

Problem 11

Let $A = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7\}$, and let $N$ be the number of functions $f$ from set $A$ to set $A$ such that $f(f(x))$ is a constant function. Find the remainder when $N$ is divided by $1000$.

Solution 1

Any such function can be constructed by distributing the elements of $A$ on three tiers.

The bottom tier contains the constant value, $c=f(f(x))$ for any $x$. (Obviously $f(c)=c$.)

The middle tier contains $k$ elements $x\ne c$ such that $f(x)=c$, where $1\le k\le 6$.

The top tier contains $6-k$ elements such that $f(x)$ equals an element on the middle tier.

There are $7$ choices for $c$. Then for a given $k$, there are $\tbinom6k$ ways to choose the elements on the middle tier, and then $k^{6-k}$ ways to draw arrows down from elements on the top tier to elements on the middle tier.

Thus $N=7\cdot\sum_{k=1}^6\tbinom6k\cdot k^{6-k}=7399$, giving the answer $\boxed{399}$.

Solution 1 Clarified

Define the three layers as domain $x$, codomain $f(x)$, and codomain $f(f(x))$. Each one of them is contained in the set $A$. We know that $f(f(x))$ is a constant function, or in other words, can only take on one value. So, we can start off by choosing that value $c$ in $7$ ways. So now, we choose the values that can be $f(x)$ for all those values should satisfy $f(f(x))=c$. Let $S$ be that set of values. First things first, we must have $c$ to be part of $S$, for the $S$ is part of the domain of $x$. Since the values in $i\in S$ all satisfy $f(i) = c$, we have $c$ to be a value that $f(x)$ can be. Now, for the elements other than $5$:

If we have $k$ elements other than $5$ that can be part of $S$, we will have $\binom{6}{k}$ ways to choose those values. There will also be $k$ ways for each of the elements in $A$ other than $c$ and those in set $S$ (for when function $f$ is applied on those values, we already know it would be $c$). There are $6-k$ elements in $A$ other than $c$ and those in set $S$. Thus, there should be $k^{6-k}$ ways to match the domain $x$ to the values of $f(x)$. Summing up all possible values of $k$ ($[1,6]$), we have

\[\sum_{k=1}^6 \binom{6}{k} k^{6-k} = 6\cdot 1 + 15\cdot 16 + 20\cdot 27 + 15\cdot 16 + 6\cdot 5 + 1 = 1057\]

Multiplying that by the original $7$ for the choice of $c$, we have $7 \cdot 1057 = 7\boxed{399}.$


Solution 2

It is clear that we must have one fixed point (that is, $f(x)=x$). WLOG, let $x=1$ be a fixed point, so $f(1)=1$.

Now, let's do casework on how many of the inputs $2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7$ leads to $1$. Generally, if some values in that aforementioned list leads to $1$, then running it in the function again will yield $1$. All other values must be the the values that leads to $1$.


For example:


$\textbf{Case 1:}$ All $6$ of $2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7$ lead to $1$. In this case, there is only $1$ way.

$\textbf{Case 2:}$ $5$ of $6$ of $2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7$ lead to $1$. In this case, we choose $5$ of the $6$ to lead to $1$: $6\choose5$.

Then, the other value that does not lead to $1$ should be one of the values that do: $5$ ways.

$\binom{6}{5}\cdot5$

$\textbf{Case 3:}$ $4$ of $6$ lead to $1$. Choose which lead to $1$: $6\choose4$ then the other values: $4^2$ ways

$\binom{6}{4}\cdot4^2$

$\textbf{Case 4:}$ $3$ of $6$ lead to $1$. $\binom{6}{3}\cdot3^3$

$\textbf{Case 5:}$ $2$ of $6$ lead to $1$. $\binom{6}{2}\cdot2^4$

$\textbf{Case 6:}$ $1$ of $6$ lead to $1$. $\binom{6}{1}\cdot1^5$


Adding up all the cases, we have $1057$ cases. But don't forget to account for the WLOG and multiply by $7$, yielding us the final answer of $7\boxed{399}.$


~xHypotenuse


Video Solution

https://youtu.be/aaO7abKG0BQ?si=KLfz6oyzVR0d8D13

~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com


See Also

2013 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 10 		Followed by
Problem 12
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2013_AIME_II_Problems/Problem_11&oldid=230118"