Difference between revisions of "2000 AIME I Problems/Problem 14"

Latest revision as of 02:04, 27 February 2022

Problem

In triangle $ABC,$ it is given that angles $B$ and $C$ are congruent. Points $P$ and $Q$ lie on $\overline{AC}$ and $\overline{AB},$ respectively, so that $AP = PQ = QB = BC.$ Angle $ACB$ is $r$ times as large as angle $APQ,$ where $r$ is a positive real number. Find $\lfloor 1000r \rfloor$ .

Official Solution (MAA)

$[asy]defaultpen(fontsize(10)); size(200); pen p=fontsize(8); pair A,B,C,P,Q; B=MP("B",origin,down+left); C=MP("C",20*right,right+down); A=MP("A",extension(B,dir(80),C,C+dir(100)),up); Q=MP("Q",20*dir(80),left); P=MP("P",Q+(20*dir(60)),right); draw(A--B--C--A, black+1);draw(B--P--Q); MP("x",B,20*dir(75),p); MP("x",P,17*dir(245),p); MP("2x",Q,15*dir(70),p); MP("2x",A,15*dir(-90),p); MP("2y",P,2*left,p); MP("3x",P,10*dir(-95),p); MP("x+y",C,5*dir(135),p); MP("y",B,5*dir(40),p); [/asy]$

Let $\angle QPB=x^\circ$ . Because $\angle AQP$ is exterior to isosceles triangle $PQB$ its measure is $2x$ and $\angle PAQ$ has the same measure. Because $\angle BPC$ is exterior to $\triangle BPA$ its measure is $3x$ . Let $\angle PBC = y^\circ$ . It follows that $\angle ACB = x+y$ and that $4x+2y=180^\circ$ . Two of the angles of triangle $APQ$ have measure $2x$ , and thus the measure of $\angle APQ$ is $2y$ . It follows that $AQ=2\cdot AP\cdot \sin y$ . Because $AB=AC$ and $AP=QB$ , it also follows that $AQ=PC$ . Now apply the Law of Sines to triangle $PBC$ to find $\frac{\sin 3x}{BC}=\frac{\sin y}{PC}=\frac{\sin y}{2\cdot AP\cdot \sin y}= \frac{1}{2\cdot BC}$ because $AP=BC$ . Hence $\sin 3x = \tfrac 12$ . Since $4x<180$ , this implies that $3x=30$ , i.e. $x=10$ . Thus $y=70$ and $r=\frac{10+70}{2\cdot 70}=\frac 47,$ which implies that $1000r = 571 + \tfrac 37$ . So the answer is $\boxed{571}$ .

Solution 1

$[asy]defaultpen(fontsize(8)); size(200); pair A=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60)+20*dir(100), B=(0,0), C=20*dir(0), P=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60), Q=20*dir(80), R=20*dir(60); draw(A--B--C--A);draw(P--Q);draw(A--R--B);draw(P--R);D(R--C,dashed); label("$A$",A,(0,1));label("$B$",B,(-1,-1));label("$C$",C,(1,-1));label("$P$",P,(1,1)); label("$Q$",Q,(-1,1));label("$R$",R,(1,0)); [/asy]$

Let point $R$ be in $\triangle ABC$ such that $QB = BR = RP$ . Then $PQBR$ is a rhombus, so $AB \parallel PR$ and $APRB$ is an isosceles trapezoid. Since $\overline{PB}$ bisects $\angle QBR$ , it follows by symmetry in trapezoid $APRB$ that $\overline{RA}$ bisects $\angle BAC$ . Thus $R$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{BC}$ , and $BC = BR = RC$ . Hence $\triangle BCR$ is an equilateral triangle.

Now $\angle ABR = \angle BAC = \angle ACR$ , and the sum of the angles in $\triangle ABC$ is $\angle ABR + 60^{\circ} + \angle BAC + \angle ACR + 60^{\circ} = 3\angle BAC + 120^{\circ} = 180^{\circ} \Longrightarrow \angle BAC = 20^{\circ}$ . Then $\angle APQ = 140^{\circ}$ and $\angle ACB = 80^{\circ}$ , so the answer is $\left\lfloor 1000 \cdot \frac{80}{140} \right\rfloor = \left\lfloor \frac{4000}{7} \right\rfloor = \boxed{571}$ .

Solution 2 (Law of sines)

Let $AP=PQ=QB=BC=x$ and $A$ be the measure of $\angle BAC$ . Since $\triangle APQ$ and $\triangle ABC$ are isoceles, $\angle APQ = 180-2A$ and $\angle ACB = 90-\frac{A}{2}$ . Because $\triangle APQ$ and $\triangle ABC$ both have a side length $x$ opposite $\angle BAC$ , by the law of sines:

$\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{AQ}{\sin(180-2A)}=\frac{AQ+x}{\sin(90-\frac{A}{2})}$

Simplifying, this becomes

$\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{AQ}{\sin 2A}=\frac{AQ+x}{\cos \frac{A}{2}}$

From the first two fractions,

$AQ\cdot \sin A = x \cdot \sin 2A = x \cdot (2\sin A \cos A) \Longrightarrow AQ=x\cdot 2\cos A$

Substituting, we have from the first and third fractions,

$\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{x\cdot 2\cos A + x}{\cos \frac{A}{2}} \Longrightarrow 2\cos A\sin A + \sin A=\sin 2A + \sin A = \cos \frac{A}{2}$

By sum-to-product,

$\sin 2A + \sin A = 2\sin \frac{3A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2}$

Thus,

$2\sin \frac{3A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2} = \cos \frac{A}{2} \Longrightarrow \sin \frac{3A}{2} = \frac{1}{2}$

Because $BC=QB<AB$ , $\angle A$ is acute, so $\frac{3A}{2}=30 \Longrightarrow A=20$

$\angle ACB = \frac{180-20}{2}=80$ , $\angle APQ = 180-2\cdot 20 = 140 \Longrightarrow r=\frac{4}{7}$

$1000r=\frac{4000}{7}=\boxed{571}.\overline{428571}$

~bad_at_mathcounts

Solution 3

$[asy]defaultpen(fontsize(8)); size(200); pair A=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60)+20*dir(100), B=(0,0), C=20*dir(0), P=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60), Q=20*dir(80), R=20*dir(60), S; S=intersectionpoint(Q--C,P--B); draw(A--B--C--A);draw(B--P--Q--C--R--Q);draw(A--R--B);draw(P--R--S); label("$A$",A,(0,1));label("$B$",B,(-1,-1));label("$C$",C,(1,-1));label("$P$",P,(1,1)); label("$Q$",Q,(-1,1));label("$R$",R,(1,0));label("$S$",S,(-1,0)); [/asy]$

Again, construct $R$ as above.

Let $\angle BAC = \angle QBR = \angle QPR = 2x$ and $\angle ABC = \angle ACB = y$ , which means $x + y = 90$ . $\triangle QBC$ is isosceles with $QB = BC$ , so $\angle BCQ = 90 - \frac {y}{2}$ . Let $S$ be the intersection of $QC$ and $BP$ . Since $\angle BCQ = \angle BQC = \angle BRS$ , $BCRS$ is cyclic, which means $\angle RBS = \angle RCS = x$ . Since $APRB$ is an isosceles trapezoid, $BP = AR$ , but since $AR$ bisects $\angle BAC$ , $\angle ABR = \angle ACR = 2x$ .

Therefore we have that $\angle ACB = \angle ACR + \angle RCS + \angle QCB = 2x + x + 90 - \frac {y}{2} = y$ . We solve the simultaneous equations $x + y = 90$ and $2x + x + 90 - \frac {y}{2} = y$ to get $x = 10$ and $y = 80$ . $\angle APQ = 180 - 4x = 140$ , $\angle ACB = 80$ , so $r = \frac {80}{140} = \frac {4}{7}$ . $\left\lfloor 1000\left(\frac {4}{7}\right)\right\rfloor = \boxed{571}$ .

Solution 4 (Trig identities)

Let $\angle BAC= 2\theta$ and $AP=PQ=QB=BC=x$ . $\triangle APQ$ is isosceles, so $AQ=2x\cos 2\theta =2x(1-2\sin^2\theta)$ and $AB= AQ+x=x\left(3-4\sin^2\theta\right)$ . $\triangle{ABC}$ is isosceles too, so $x=BC=2AB\sin\theta$ . Using the expression for $AB$ , we get $1=2\left(3\sin\theta-4\sin^3\theta\right)=2\sin3\theta$ by the triple angle formula! Thus $\theta=10^\circ$ and $\angle A = 2\theta=20^\circ$ . It follows now that $\angle APQ=140^\circ$ , $\angle ACB=80^\circ$ , giving $r=\tfrac{4}{7}$ , which implies that $1000r = 571 + \tfrac 37$ . So the answer is $\boxed{571}$ .

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 __TOC__
-== Solution ==
+== Official Solution (MAA)==
-=== Solution 1 ===
+<center><asy>defaultpen(fontsize(10)); size(200); pen p=fontsize(8);
+pair A,B,C,P,Q;
+B=MP("B",origin,down+left); C=MP("C",20*right,right+down); A=MP("A",extension(B,dir(80),C,C+dir(100)),up); Q=MP("Q",20*dir(80),left); P=MP("P",Q+(20*dir(60)),right);
+draw(A--B--C--A, black+1);draw(B--P--Q); MP("x",B,20*dir(75),p); MP("x",P,17*dir(245),p); MP("2x",Q,15*dir(70),p); MP("2x",A,15*dir(-90),p); MP("2y",P,2*left,p); MP("3x",P,10*dir(-95),p); MP("x+y",C,5*dir(135),p); MP("y",B,5*dir(40),p);
+</asy></center>
+Let <math>\angle QPB=x^\circ</math>. Because <math>\angle AQP</math> is exterior to isosceles triangle <math>PQB</math> its measure is <math>2x</math> and <math>\angle PAQ</math> has the same measure. Because <math>\angle BPC</math> is exterior to  <math>\triangle BPA</math> its measure is <math>3x</math>. Let <math>\angle PBC = y^\circ</math>. It follows that <math>\angle ACB = x+y</math> and that <math>4x+2y=180^\circ</math>. Two of the angles of triangle <math>APQ</math> have measure <math>2x</math>, and thus the measure of <math>\angle APQ</math> is <math>2y</math>. It follows that <math>AQ=2\cdot AP\cdot \sin y</math>. Because <math>AB=AC</math> and <math>AP=QB</math>, it also follows that <math>AQ=PC</math>. Now apply the Law of Sines to triangle <math>PBC</math> to find <cmath>\frac{\sin 3x}{BC}=\frac{\sin y}{PC}=\frac{\sin y}{2\cdot AP\cdot \sin y}= \frac{1}{2\cdot BC}</cmath>because <math>AP=BC</math>. Hence <math>\sin 3x = \tfrac 12</math>. Since <math>4x<180</math>, this implies that <math>3x=30</math>, i.e. <math>x=10</math>. Thus <math>y=70</math> and <cmath>r=\frac{10+70}{2\cdot 70}=\frac 47,</cmath>which implies that <math>1000r = 571 + \tfrac 37</math>. So the answer is <math>\boxed{571}</math>.
+== Solution 1 ==
 <center><asy>defaultpen(fontsize(8)); size(200); pair A=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60)+20*dir(100), B=(0,0), C=20*dir(0), P=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60), Q=20*dir(80), R=20*dir(60); draw(A--B--C--A);draw(P--Q);draw(A--R--B);draw(P--R);D(R--C,dashed); label("\(A\)",A,(0,1));label("\(B\)",B,(-1,-1));label("\(C\)",C,(1,-1));label("\(P\)",P,(1,1)); label("\(Q\)",Q,(-1,1));label("\(R\)",R,(1,0));
 </asy></center>
@@ Line 11: / Line 19: @@
 Now <math>\angle ABR = \angle BAC = \angle ACR</math>, and the sum of the angles in <math>\triangle ABC</math> is <math>\angle ABR + 60^{\circ} + \angle BAC + \angle ACR + 60^{\circ} = 3\angle BAC + 120^{\circ} = 180^{\circ} \Longrightarrow \angle BAC = 20^{\circ}</math>. Then <math>\angle APQ = 140^{\circ}</math> and <math>\angle ACB = 80^{\circ}</math>, so the answer is <math>\left\lfloor 1000 \cdot \frac{80}{140} \right\rfloor = \left\lfloor \frac{4000}{7} \right\rfloor = \boxed{571}</math>.
-Note: We can also solve this quickly through angle chasing. If <math>\angle ABC = \theta</math>, <math>\angle ABR = \theta - 60</math>. Since <math>QPRB</math> is a rhombus, <math>\angle PQB = 180-(\theta-60) = 240 - \theta</math> so <math>\angle AQP = \theta - 60 = \angle PAQ</math>. Thus, we have that <math>\theta + \theta + \theta - 60 = 180 \implies \theta = 80</math>. The rest of the problem is easily solved from there (<math>\angle QPA = 140</math> so <math>\left\lfloor 1000 \cdot \frac{80}{140} \right\rfloor = \left\lfloor 1000 \cdot \frac{4}{7} \right\rfloor = 571</math>.
+== Solution 2 (Law of sines) ==
+Let <math>AP=PQ=QB=BC=x</math> and <math>A</math> be the measure of <math>\angle BAC</math>. Since <math>\triangle APQ</math> and <math>\triangle ABC</math> are isoceles, <math>\angle APQ = 180-2A</math> and <math>\angle ACB = 90-\frac{A}{2}</math>.
+Because <math>\triangle APQ</math> and <math>\triangle ABC</math> both have a side length <math>x</math> opposite <math>\angle BAC</math>, by the law of sines:
+<math>\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{AQ}{\sin(180-2A)}=\frac{AQ+x}{\sin(90-\frac{A}{2})}</math>
+Simplifying, this becomes
+<math>\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{AQ}{\sin 2A}=\frac{AQ+x}{\cos \frac{A}{2}}</math>
+From the first two fractions,
+<math>AQ\cdot \sin A = x \cdot \sin 2A = x \cdot (2\sin A \cos A) \Longrightarrow AQ=x\cdot 2\cos A</math>
+Substituting, we have from the first and third fractions,
+<math>\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{x\cdot 2\cos A + x}{\cos \frac{A}{2}} \Longrightarrow 2\cos A\sin A + \sin A=\sin 2A + \sin A = \cos \frac{A}{2}</math>
+By sum-to-product,
+<math>\sin 2A + \sin A = 2\sin \frac{3A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2}</math>
+Thus,
+<math>2\sin \frac{3A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2} = \cos \frac{A}{2} \Longrightarrow \sin \frac{3A}{2} = \frac{1}{2}</math>
-=== Solution 2 ===
+Because <math>BC=QB<AB</math>, <math>\angle A</math> is acute, so <math>\frac{3A}{2}=30 \Longrightarrow A=20</math>
+<math>\angle ACB = \frac{180-20}{2}=80</math>, <math>\angle APQ = 180-2\cdot 20 = 140 \Longrightarrow r=\frac{4}{7}</math>
+<math>1000r=\frac{4000}{7}=\boxed{571}.\overline{428571}</math>
+~bad_at_mathcounts
+== Solution 3 ==
 <center><asy>defaultpen(fontsize(8)); size(200); pair A=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60)+20*dir(100), B=(0,0), C=20*dir(0), P=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60), Q=20*dir(80), R=20*dir(60), S; S=intersectionpoint(Q--C,P--B); draw(A--B--C--A);draw(B--P--Q--C--R--Q);draw(A--R--B);draw(P--R--S); label("\(A\)",A,(0,1));label("\(B\)",B,(-1,-1));label("\(C\)",C,(1,-1));label("\(P\)",P,(1,1)); label("\(Q\)",Q,(-1,1));label("\(R\)",R,(1,0));label("\(S\)",S,(-1,0));
 </asy></center>
@@ Line 28: / Line 70: @@
 <math>\left\lfloor 1000\left(\frac {4}{7}\right)\right\rfloor = \boxed{571}</math>.
-=== Solution 3 ===
+== Solution 4 (Trig identities)==
+Let <math>\angle BAC= 2\theta</math> and <math>AP=PQ=QB=BC=x</math>. <math>\triangle APQ</math> is isosceles, so <math>AQ=2x\cos 2\theta =2x(1-2\sin^2\theta)</math> and <math>AB= AQ+x=x\left(3-4\sin^2\theta\right)</math>. <math>\triangle{ABC}</math> is isosceles too, so <math>x=BC=2AB\sin\theta</math>. Using the expression for <math>AB</math>, we get <cmath>1=2\left(3\sin\theta-4\sin^3\theta\right)=2\sin3\theta</cmath>by the triple angle formula! Thus <math>\theta=10^\circ</math> and <math>\angle A = 2\theta=20^\circ</math>.
+It follows now that <math>\angle APQ=140^\circ</math>, <math>\angle ACB=80^\circ</math>, giving <math>r=\tfrac{4}{7}</math>, which implies that <math>1000r = 571 + \tfrac 37</math>. So the answer is <math>\boxed{571}</math>.
-Let the measure of <math>\angle BAC</math> be <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\overline{AP}=\overline{PQ}=\overline{QB}=\overline{BC}=x</math>. Because <math>\triangle APQ</math> is isosceles, <math>AQ=2x\cos(\alpha)</math>. So, <math>\overline{AB}=x\left(2\cos(\alpha)+1\right)</math>. <math>\triangle{ABC}</math> is isosceles too, so <math>x=\overline{BC}=2\overline{AC}\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)=2x\left(2\cos(\alpha)+1\right)\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)</math>.
-Simplifying, <math>1=4\cos(\alpha)\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)+2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)</math>. By double angle formula, we know that <math>\cos(\alpha)=1-2\sin^2\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)</math>.
-Applying, <math>4\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)-8\sin^3\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)+2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)=1</math> and <math>2\left(3\sin\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)-4\sin^3\left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)\right)=1</math>.
-The expression in the parentheses though is triple angle formula! Hence, <math>\sin\left(\frac{3\alpha}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>\alpha=20^o</math>. It follows now that <math>\angle APQ=140^o</math>, <math>\angle ACB=80^o</math>. Giving <math>r=\frac{4}{7}</math>.
-<math>\left\lfloor 1000\left(\frac {4}{7}\right)\right\rfloor = \boxed{571}</math>.
 == See also ==

2000 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 13	Followed by Problem 15
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
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