Difference between revisions of "2021 Fall AMC 12B Problems/Problem 20"

Latest revision as of 23:19, 15 September 2024

The following problem is from both the 2021 Fall AMC 12B #20 and 2021 Fall AMC 10B #24, so both problems redirect to this page.

Problem

A cube is constructed from $4$ white unit cubes and $4$ blue unit cubes. How many different ways are there to construct the $2 \times 2 \times 2$ cube using these smaller cubes? (Two constructions are considered the same if one can be rotated to match the other.)

$\textbf{(A)}\ 7 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 8 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 9 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 10 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 11$

Solution 1 (Graph Theory)

This problem is about the relationships between the white unit cubes and the blue unit cubes, which can be solved by Graph Theory. We use a Planar Graph to represent the larger cube. Each vertex of the planar graph represents a unit cube. Each edge of the planar graph represents a shared face between $2$ neighboring unit cubes. Each face of the planar graph represents a face of the larger cube.

Now the problem becomes a Graph Coloring problem of how many ways to assign $4$ vertices blue and $4$ vertices white with Topological Equivalence. For example, in Figure $(1)$ , as long as the $4$ blue vertices belong to the same planar graph face, the different planar graphs are considered to be topological equivalent by rotating the larger cube.

Here is how the $4$ blue unit cubes are arranged:

In Figure $(1)$ : $4$ blue unit cubes are on the same layer (horizontal or vertical).

In Figure $(2)$ : $4$ blue unit cubes are in $T$ shape.

In Figure $(3)$ and $(4)$ : $4$ blue unit cubes are in $S$ shape.

In Figure $(5)$ : $3$ blue unit cubes are in $L$ shape, and the other is isolated without a shared face.

In Figure $(6)$ : $2$ pairs of neighboring blue unit cubes are isolated from each other without a shared face.

In Figure $(7)$ : $4$ blue unit cubes are isolated from each other without a shared face.

So the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}$

~isabelchen

Solution 2 (Casework, Counting Down)

Let’s split the cube into two layers; a bottom and top. Note that there must be four of each color, so however many number of one color are in the bottom, there will be four minus that number of the color on the top. We do casework on the color distribution of the bottom layer.

Case 1: 4, 0

In this case, there is only one possibility for the top layer - all of the other color - $\binom{4}{4}$ . Therefore there is 1 construction from this case.

Case 2: 3, 1

In this case, the top layer has four possibilities, because there are four different ways to arrange it so that it also has a 3, 1 color distribution - $\binom{4}{3}$ . Therefore there are 4 constructions from this case.

Case 3: 2, 2

In this case, the top layer has six possibilities of arrangement - $\binom{4}{2}$ . However, having adjacent colors one way can be rotated to having adjacent colors any other way, so there is only one construction for the adjacent colors subcase and similarly, only one for the diagonal color subcase. Therefore the total number of constructions for this case is 2.

The total number of constructions for the cube is thus $1+4+2=7=\boxed{A}$

~KingRavi

Solution 3 (Casework, Counting Up)

Divide the $2 \times 2 \times 2$ cube into two layers, say, front and back. Any possible construction can be rotated such that the front layer has the same or greater number of white cubes than blue cubes, so we only need to count the number of cases given that is true.

Case 1: Each layer contains 2 cubes of each color. Note that we only need to consider the configuration of the white cubes because all the other cubes will be blue cubes. There are 2 ways that the 2 white cubes in each layer can be arranged: adjacent or diagonal to each other.
1. Case 1.1: Both layers have 2 white cubes adjacent to each other. Rotate the cube such that there are white cubes along the top edge of the front layer. Now, the white cubes in the back layer can be along the top, bottom, right, or left edges. So, case 1.1 results in $4$ constructions.
2. Case 1.2: One layer has 2 white cubes adjacent to each other, and the other has 2 white cubes diagonal from each other. Rotate the cube such that there are white cubes along the top of the front layer. The white cubes in the back layer can be at the top-left and bottom-right or at the top-right and bottom-left. If we rotate the former case by 90 degrees clockwise into the page, it becomes the same as the latter case. So, case 1.2 results in $1$ additional construction.
3. Case 1.3: Both layers have white cubes diagonal from each other. Rotate the cube such that there is a white cube at the top-left and bottom-right of the front layer. The back layer could also have white cubes at the top-left and bottom-right, but this is the same as case 1.1 with the white cubes in the back layer along the bottom edge. Alternatively, the back layer could have white cubes at the top-right and the bottom-left. This is a distinct case. So, case 1.3 results in $1$ additional construction.
4. So, case 1 results in $4+1+1=6$ distinct constructions.
Case 2: The front layer contains 3 white cubes, and the back layer contains one white cube. In this case, unless the sole white and sole blue cubes in the front and back layers are on opposite corners of the $2 \times 2 \times 2$ cube, then that cube can be split into left and right layers with 2 cubes of each color in each layer. Those constructions were counted in case 1, so case 2 results in $1$ additional construction.
Case 3: The front layer contains 4 white cubes, and the back layer contains no white cubes. If we split this construction into its left and right layers, then each layer will have 2 cubes of each color. So, this construction was counted in case 1, and case 3 results in $0$ additional constructions.

Therefore, our answer is $6+1+0=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}$ .

Solution 4 (Burnside Lemma)

Burnside lemma is used to counting number of orbit where the element on the same orbit can be achieved by the defined operator, naming rotation, reflection and etc.

The facts for Burnside lemma are

1. the sum of stabilizer on the same orbit equals to the # of operators;

2. the sum of stabilizer can be counted as $fix(g)$

3. the sum of the $fix(g)/|G|$ equals the # of orbit.

Let's start with defining the operator for a cube,

1. $\textbf{e (identity)}$

For identity, there are $\frac{8!}{4!4!} = 70$

2. ${\bf r^{1}, r^{2}, r^{3}}$ to be the rotation axis along three pair of opposite face,

each contains $r^{i}_{90}, r^{i}_{180}, r^{i}_{270}$ where $i= 1, 2, 3$

$fix(r^{i}_{90}) = fix(r^{i}_{270}) = 2\cdot1 = 2$

$fix(r^{i}_{180}) = \frac{4!}{2!\cdot2!} = 6$

therefore $fix(\bf r^{i}) = 2+2+6 = 10$ , and $fix(\bf r^{1})+fix(\bf r^{2})+fix(\bf r^{3}) = 30$

3. ${\bf r^{4}, r^{5}, r^{6}, r^{7}}$ to the rotation axis along four cube diagonals.

each contains $r^{i}_{120}, r^{i}_{240}$ where $i= 4, 5, 6, 7$

$fix(r^{i}_{120}) = fix(r^{i}_{240}) = 2\cdot1\cdot2\cdot1 = 4$

therefore $fix(\bf r^{i}) = 4+4 = 8$ , and $fix(\bf r^{4})+fix(\bf r^{5})+fix(\bf r^{6})+fix(\bf r^{7}) = 32$

4. ${\bf r^{8}, r^{9}, r^{10}, r^{11}, r^{12}, r^{13}}$ to be the rotation axis along 6 pairs of diagonally opposite sides

each contains $r^{i}_{180}$ where $i= 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13$

$fix(r^{i}_{180}) = \frac{4!}{2!\cdot2!} = 6$

therefore $fix(\bf r^{8})+fix(\bf r^{9})+fix(\bf r^{10})+fix(\bf r^{11})+fix(\bf r^{12})+fix(\bf r^{13}) = 36$

5. The total number of operators are

$|G| = 1 + 3\cdot3 + 4\cdot2 + 6\cdot1 = 24$

Based on 1, 2, 3, 4 the total number of stabilizers is $70 + 30 + 32 + 36 = 168$

therefore the number of orbits $= \frac{168}{G=24} = \boxed{7}$

~wwei.yu

Solution 5 (Quick 'n Easy but not rigorous)

Since rotations of a single pattern are considered indistinguishable, we can assume that the forward upper right corner of the 2-by-2-by-2 cube is a blue cube (since we can always rotate the big cube to place a blue cube in that spot).

Once we've assigned this cube to be blue, we note that 3 1-by-1-by-1 cubes share a side with it, 3 1-by-1-by-1 cubes share a corner with it, and 1 1-by-1-by-1 cube does not touch the assigned cube at all, from the perspective of someone who can only see the cube's faces. We'll call the first 3 "adjacent", the second 3 "cornering", and the last one "opposite."

We can use a little bit of intuition to confirm that due to the rotation condition, we should treat all adjacents as indistinguishable, all cornerings as indistinguishable, and of course the opposite one is unique from all the others. Thus, we can list out like so (keeping in mind that there are 3 adjacents, 3 cornerings, and 1 opposite, and that we're choosing the positions of the remaining 3 blue cubes):

OAA, OAC, OCC, CCC, CAA, CCA, AAA.

This gives the answer to be $\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}$ .

~ Curious_crow

Video Solution 1

https://youtu.be/Khnq5ZMTwXQ

Video Solution 2

https://youtu.be/Va_leSKAjRw

~Interstigation

Video Solution 3

https://youtu.be/nBL8mXHblHE

~savannahsolver

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{duplicate|[[2021 Fall AMC 12B Problems#Problem 20|2021 Fall AMC 12B #20]] and [[2021 Fall AMC 10B Problems#Problem 24|2021 Fall AMC 12B #24]]}}
+{{duplicate|[[2021 Fall AMC 12B Problems#Problem 20|2021 Fall AMC 12B #20]] and [[2021 Fall AMC 10B Problems#Problem 24|2021 Fall AMC 10B #24]]}}
 ==Problem==
-A cube is constructed from <math>4</math> white unit cubes and <math>4</math> black unit cubes. How many different ways are there to construct the <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube using these smaller cubes? (Two constructions are considered the same if one can be rotated to match the other.)
+A cube is constructed from <math>4</math> white unit cubes and <math>4</math> blue unit cubes. How many different ways are there to construct the <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube using these smaller cubes? (Two constructions are considered the same if one can be rotated to match the other.)
 <math>\textbf{(A)}\ 7 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\  8 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\  9 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\
 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 11</math>
-==Solution 1 (Direct Counting)==
+==Solution 1 (Graph Theory)==
-Divide the <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube into two layers.
+This problem is about the relationships between the white unit cubes and the blue unit cubes, which can be solved by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory Graph Theory]. We use a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_graph Planar Graph] to represent the larger cube. Each vertex of the planar graph represents a unit cube. Each edge of the planar graph represents a shared face between <math>2</math> neighboring unit cubes. Each face of the planar graph represents a face of the larger cube.
-Case 1: Each layer contains 2 cubes of each color.
+Now the problem becomes a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring Graph Coloring] problem of how many ways to assign <math>4</math> vertices blue and <math>4</math> vertices white with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism Topological Equivalence]. For example, in Figure <math>(1)</math>, as long as the <math>4</math> blue vertices belong to the same planar graph face, the different planar graphs are considered to be topological equivalent by rotating the larger cube.
-Note that we only need to consider the layout of the white cubes because all the other cubes will be black cubes.
+[[File:Topology.jpg | 950px]]
+Here is how the <math>4</math> blue unit cubes are arranged:
-There are 2 ways that the two white cubes can be arranged within each layer: adjacent or diagonal to each other.
+In Figure <math>(1)</math>: <math>4</math> blue unit cubes are on the same layer (horizontal or vertical).
-Case 1.1: Both layers have two white cubes adjacent to each other.
+In Figure <math>(2)</math>: <math>4</math> blue unit cubes are in <math>T</math> shape.
-Rotate the cube such that there are white cubes along the top of the front layer. Now, the white cubes in the back layer can be on the top, bottom, right, or left.<sup>See note 1.</sup>
+In Figure <math>(3)</math> and <math>(4)</math>: <math>4</math> blue unit cubes are in <math>S</math> shape.
-There are <math>4</math> constructions resulting from this case.
+In Figure <math>(5)</math>: <math>3</math> blue unit cubes are in <math>L</math> shape, and the other is isolated without a shared face.
-Case 1.2: One layer has two white cubes adjacent to each other, while the other has two white cubes diagonal from each other.
+In Figure <math>(6)</math>: <math>2</math> pairs of neighboring blue unit cubes are isolated from each other without a shared face.
-Rotate the cube such that there are white cubes along the top of the front layer. The white cubes in the back layer can be at the top-left and bottom-right or the top-right and bottom-left. If we rotate the latter case by 90 degrees clockwise, we see that it matches the former case.
+In Figure <math>(7)</math>: <math>4</math> blue unit cubes are isolated from each other without a shared face.
-There is <math>1</math> construction resulting from this case.
+So the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}</math>
-Case 1.3: Both layers have white cubes diagonal from each other.
+~[https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/User:Isabelchen isabelchen]
-Rotate the cube such that there is a white cube at the top-left of one layer. Therefore, there must be a white cube at the bottom-right of that layer.
+==Solution 2 (Casework, Counting Down)==
-The other layer could also have white cubes at the top-left and the bottom-right. This is the same as case 1.1 with the white cubes in the back layer at the bottom.
+Let’s split the cube into two layers; a bottom and top. Note that there must be four of each color, so however many number of one color are in the bottom, there will be four minus that number of the color on the top. We do casework on the color distribution of the bottom layer.
-The other layer could have white cubes at the top-right and the bottom-left. This is a distinct case.
+'''Case 1:''' 4, 0
-So case 1 results in <math>4+1+1=6</math> arrangements.
+In this case, there is only one possibility for the top layer - all of the other color - <math>\binom{4}{4}</math>. Therefore there is 1 construction from this case.
-Case 2: Each layer contains 3 cubes of one color and 1 cube of the other color.
+'''Case 2:''' 3, 1
-Split this cube into two layers; the sole white cube on one layer must be on the opposite corner of the sole black cube on the other layer, otherwise there will be some way to spit the cube into two layers such that there are 2 cubes of each color on each layer.
+In this case, the top layer has four possibilities, because there are four different ways to arrange it so that it also has a 3, 1 color distribution - <math>\binom{4}{3}</math>. Therefore there are 4 constructions from this case.
-So case 2 results in <math>1</math> arrangement.
+'''Case 3:''' 2, 2
-Case 3: One layer contains 0 white cubes and the other layer contains 4 white cubes.
+In this case, the top layer has six possibilities of arrangement - <math>\binom{4}{2}</math>. However, having adjacent colors one way can be rotated to having adjacent colors any other way, so there is only one construction for the adjacent colors subcase and similarly, only one for the diagonal color subcase. Therefore the total number of constructions for this case is 2.
-Only 1 possible <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube can result from this case. However, if we divide up this <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube in the direction perpendicular to the way we first did, then we see this is a repeat of the case where we have 2 white cubes in the first layer and the second layer is arranged such that whites and blacks are straight with each other.
+The total number of constructions for the cube is thus <math>1+4+2=7=\boxed{A}</math>
-Therefore, our answer is <math>6+1=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}</math>.
+~KingRavi
-===Notes===
+==Solution 3 (Casework, Counting Up)==
-: To prove the 3rd and 4th cases distinct, we can model them with our hands. Extend our thumbs and pointer fingers into an L. These fingers represent the three white cubes on the top layer. Our left and right hands represent the 3rd and 4th cases respectively. The 4th white cube in each case extends down from the tip of each pointer finger towards the rest of each hand. If we overlap our thumbs and pointer fingers, then the 4th cube in each situation will extend outwards in opposite directions, so these cases are distinct.
+Divide the <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube into two layers, say, front and back. Any possible construction can be rotated such that the front layer has the same or greater number of white cubes than blue cubes, so we only need to count the number of cases given that is true.
+# '''Case 1: Each layer contains 2 cubes of each color.''' Note that we only need to consider the configuration of the white cubes because all the other cubes will be blue cubes. There are 2 ways that the 2 white cubes in each layer can be arranged: adjacent or diagonal to each other.
+## '''Case 1.1: Both layers have 2 white cubes adjacent to each other.''' Rotate the cube such that there are white cubes along the top edge of the front layer. Now, the white cubes in the back layer can be along the top, bottom, right, or left edges. So, case 1.1 results in <math>4</math> constructions.
+## '''Case 1.2: One layer has 2 white cubes adjacent to each other, and the other has 2 white cubes diagonal from each other.''' Rotate the cube such that there are white cubes along the top of the front layer. The white cubes in the back layer can be at the top-left and bottom-right or at the top-right and bottom-left. If we rotate the former case by 90 degrees clockwise into the page, it becomes the same as the latter case. So, case 1.2 results in <math>1</math> additional construction.
+## '''Case 1.3: Both layers have white cubes diagonal from each other.''' Rotate the cube such that there is a white cube at the top-left and bottom-right of the front layer. The back layer could also have white cubes at the top-left and bottom-right, but this is the same as case 1.1 with the white cubes in the back layer along the bottom edge. Alternatively, the back layer could have white cubes at the top-right and the bottom-left. This is a distinct case. So, case 1.3 results in <math>1</math> additional construction.
+## So, case 1 results in <math>4+1+1=6</math> distinct constructions.
+# '''Case 2: The front layer contains 3 white cubes, and the back layer contains one white cube.''' In this case, unless the sole white and sole blue cubes in the front and back layers are on opposite corners of the <math>2 \times 2 \times 2</math> cube, then that cube can be split into left and right layers with 2 cubes of each color in each layer. Those constructions were counted in case 1, so case 2 results in <math>1</math> additional construction.
+# '''Case 3: The front layer contains 4 white cubes, and the back layer contains no white cubes.''' If we split this construction into its left and right layers, then each layer will have 2 cubes of each color. So, this construction was counted in case 1, and case 3 results in <math>0</math> additional constructions.
+Therefore, our answer is <math>6+1+0=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}</math>.
+==Solution 4 (Burnside Lemma)==
+Burnside lemma is used to counting number of orbit where the element on the same orbit can be achieved by the defined operator, naming rotation, reflection and etc.
+The facts for Burnside lemma are
+. the sum of stabilizer on the same orbit equals to the # of operators;
+. the sum of stabilizer can be counted as <math>fix(g)</math>
+. the sum of the <math>fix(g)/|G|</math> equals the # of orbit.
+Let's start with defining the operator for a cube,
+. <math>\textbf{e (identity)}</math>
+For identity, there are <math>\frac{8!}{4!4!} = 70</math>
+. <math>{\bf r^{1}, r^{2}, r^{3}}</math> to be the rotation axis along three pair of opposite face,
+each contains <math>r^{i}_{90}, r^{i}_{180}, r^{i}_{270}</math> where <math>i= 1, 2, 3</math>
+<math>fix(r^{i}_{90}) = fix(r^{i}_{270}) = 2\cdot1 = 2 </math>
+<math>fix(r^{i}_{180}) = \frac{4!}{2!\cdot2!} = 6 </math>
+therefore <math>fix(\bf r^{i}) = 2+2+6 = 10 </math>, and <math>fix(\bf r^{1})+fix(\bf r^{2})+fix(\bf r^{3}) = 30 </math>
+. <math>{\bf r^{4}, r^{5}, r^{6}, r^{7}}</math> to the rotation axis along four cube diagonals.
+each contains <math>r^{i}_{120}, r^{i}_{240}</math>   where <math>i= 4, 5, 6, 7</math>
+<math>fix(r^{i}_{120}) = fix(r^{i}_{240}) = 2\cdot1\cdot2\cdot1 = 4 </math>
+therefore <math>fix(\bf r^{i}) = 4+4 = 8 </math>, and <math>fix(\bf r^{4})+fix(\bf r^{5})+fix(\bf r^{6})+fix(\bf r^{7}) = 32 </math>
+. <math>{\bf r^{8}, r^{9}, r^{10}, r^{11}, r^{12}, r^{13}}</math> to be the rotation axis along 6 pairs of diagonally opposite sides
+each contains <math>r^{i}_{180}</math>   where <math>i= 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13</math>
+<math>fix(r^{i}_{180}) = \frac{4!}{2!\cdot2!} = 6 </math>
+therefore <math>fix(\bf r^{8})+fix(\bf r^{9})+fix(\bf r^{10})+fix(\bf r^{11})+fix(\bf r^{12})+fix(\bf r^{13}) = 36 </math>
+. The total number of operators are
+<math>|G| = 1 + 3\cdot3 + 4\cdot2 + 6\cdot1 = 24 </math>
+Based on 1, 2, 3, 4 the total number of stabilizers is
+<math>70 + 30 + 32 + 36 = 168</math>
+therefore the number of orbits <math>= \frac{168}{G=24} = \boxed{7} </math>
+~wwei.yu
+==Solution 5 (Quick 'n Easy but not rigorous)==
+Since rotations of a single pattern are considered indistinguishable, we can assume that the forward upper right corner of the 2-by-2-by-2 cube is a blue cube (since we can always rotate the big cube to place a blue cube in that spot).
+Once we've assigned this cube to be blue, we note that 3 1-by-1-by-1 cubes share a side with it, 3 1-by-1-by-1 cubes share a corner with it, and 1 1-by-1-by-1 cube does not touch the assigned cube at all, from the perspective of someone who can only see the cube's faces. We'll call the first 3 "adjacent", the second 3 "cornering", and the last one "opposite."
+We can use a little bit of intuition to confirm that due to the rotation condition, we should treat all adjacents as indistinguishable, all cornerings as indistinguishable, and of course the opposite one is unique from all the others. Thus, we can list out like so (keeping in mind that there are 3 adjacents, 3 cornerings, and 1 opposite, and that we're choosing the positions of the remaining 3 blue cubes):
+OAA, OAC, OCC, CCC, CAA, CCA, AAA.
+This gives the answer to be <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ 7}</math>.
+~ Curious_crow
+==Video Solution 1==
+https://youtu.be/Khnq5ZMTwXQ
+==Video Solution 2==
+https://youtu.be/Va_leSKAjRw
+~Interstigation
+==Video Solution 3==
+https://youtu.be/nBL8mXHblHE
+~savannahsolver
 ==See Also==
 {{AMC12 box|year=2021 Fall|ab=B|num-a=21|num-b=19}}
 {{AMC10 box|year=2021 Fall|ab=B|num-a=25|num-b=23}}
+[[Category:Intermediate Combinatorics Problems]]
 {{MAA Notice}}

2021 Fall AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 19	Followed by Problem 21
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

2021 Fall AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 23	Followed by Problem 25
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions

Page

Toolbox

Search