Difference between revisions of "2021 AIME II Problems/Problem 15"

Latest revision as of 06:27, 29 December 2024

Problem

Let $f(n)$ and $g(n)$ be functions satisfying $f(n) = \begin{cases}\sqrt{n} & \text{ if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is an integer}\\ 1 + f(n+1) & \text{ otherwise} \end{cases}$ and $g(n) = \begin{cases}\sqrt{n} & \text{ if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is an integer}\\ 2 + g(n+2) & \text{ otherwise} \end{cases}$ for positive integers $n$ . Find the least positive integer $n$ such that $\tfrac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \tfrac{4}{7}$ .

Solution 1

Consider what happens when we try to calculate $f(n)$ where n is not a square. If $k^2<n<(k+1)^2$ for (positive) integer k, recursively calculating the value of the function gives us $f(n)=(k+1)^2-n+f((k+1)^2)=k^2+3k+2-n$ . Note that this formula also returns the correct value when $n=(k+1)^2$ , but not when $n=k^2$ . Thus $f(n)=k^2+3k+2-n$ for $k^2<n \leq (k+1)^2$ .

If $2 \mid (k+1)^2-n$ , $g(n)$ returns the same value as $f(n)$ . This is because the recursion once again stops at $(k+1)^2$ . We seek a case in which $f(n)<g(n)$ , so obviously this is not what we want. We want $(k+1)^2,n$ to have a different parity, or $n, k$ have the same parity. When this is the case, $g(n)$ instead returns $(k+2)^2-n+g((k+2)^2)=k^2+5k+6-n$ .

Write $7f(n)=4g(n)$ , which simplifies to $3k^2+k-10=3n$ . Notice that we want the LHS expression to be divisible by 3; as a result, $k \equiv 1 \pmod{3}$ . We also want n to be strictly greater than $k^2$ , so $k-10>0, k>10$ . The LHS expression is always even (since $3k^2+k-10$ factors to $k(3k+1)-10$ , and one of $k$ and $3k+1$ will be even), so to ensure that $k$ and $n$ share the same parity, $k$ should be even. Then the least $k$ that satisfies these requirements is $k=16$ , giving $n=258$ .

Indeed - if we check our answer, it works. Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{258}$ .

-Ross Gao

Solution 2 (Four Variables)

We consider $f(n)$ and $g(n)$ separately:

$\boldsymbol{f(n)}$
We restrict $n$ in which $k^2<n\leq(k+1)^2$ for some positive integer $k,$ or $n=(k+1)^2-p\hspace{40mm}(1)$ for some integer $p$ such that $0\leq p<2k+1.$ By recursion, we get $\begin{align*} f\left((k+1)^2\right)&=k+1, \\ f\left((k+1)^2-1\right)&=k+2, \\ f\left((k+1)^2-2\right)&=k+3, \\ & \ \vdots \\ f\bigl(\phantom{ }\underbrace{(k+1)^2-p}_{n}\phantom{ }\bigr)&=k+p+1. \hspace{19mm}(2) \\ \end{align*}$

$\boldsymbol{g(n)}$
If $n$ and $(k+1)^2$ have the same parity, then we get $g(n)=f(n)$ by a similar process from $g\left((k+1)^2\right)=k+1.$ This contradicts the precondition $\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7}.$ Therefore, $n$ and $(k+1)^2$ must have different parities, from which $n$ and $(k+2)^2$ must have the same parity.
It follows that $k^2<n<(k+2)^2,$ or $n=(k+2)^2-2q\hspace{38.25mm}(3)$ for some integer $q$ such that $0<q<2k+2.$ By recursion, we get $\begin{align*} g\left((k+2)^2\right)&=k+2, \\ g\left((k+2)^2-2\right)&=k+4, \\ g\left((k+2)^2-4\right)&=k+6, \\ & \ \vdots \\ g\bigl(\phantom{ }\underbrace{(k+2)^2-2q}_{n}\phantom{ }\bigr)&=k+2q+2. \hspace{15.5mm}(4) \\ \end{align*}$

Answer
By $(2)$ and $(4),$ we have $\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}=\frac{k+p+1}{k+2q+2}=\frac{4}{7}. \hspace{27mm}(5)$ From $(1)$ and $(3),$ equating the expressions for $n$ gives $(k+1)^2-p=(k+2)^2-2q.$ Solving for $k$ produces $k=\frac{2q-p-3}{2}. \hspace{41.25mm}(6)$ We substitute $(6)$ into $(5),$ then simplify, cross-multiply, and rearrange: $\begin{align*} \frac{\tfrac{2q-p-3}{2}+p+1}{\tfrac{2q-p-3}{2}+2q+2}&=\frac{4}{7} \\ \frac{p+2q-1}{-p+6q+1}&=\frac{4}{7} \\ 7p+14q-7&=-4p+24q+4 \\ 11p-11&=10q \\ 11(p-1)&=10q. \hspace{29mm}(7) \end{align*}$ Since $\gcd(11,10)=1,$ we know that $p-1$ must be divisible by $10,$ and $q$ must be divisible by $11.$
Recall that the restrictions on $(1)$ and $(2)$ are $0\leq p<2k+1$ and $0<q<2k+2,$ respectively. Substituting $(6)$ into either inequality gives $p+1<q.$ Combining all these results produces $0<p+1<q<2k+2. \hspace{28mm}(8)$ To minimize $n$ in either $(1)$ or $(3),$ we minimize $k,$ so we minimize $p$ and $q$ in $(8).$ From $(6)$ and $(7),$ we construct the following table: $\begin{array}{c|c|c|c} & & & \\ [-2.5ex] \boldsymbol{p} & \boldsymbol{q} & \boldsymbol{k} & \textbf{Satisfies }\boldsymbol{(8)?} \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] 11 & 11 & 4 & \\ 21 & 22 & 10 & \\ 31 & 33 & 16 & \checkmark \\ \geq41 & \geq44 & \geq22 & \checkmark \\ \end{array}$ Finally, we have $(p,q,k)=(31,33,16).$ Substituting this result into either $(1)$ or $(3)$ generates $n=\boxed{258}.$

Remark
We can verify that $\frac{f(258)}{g(258)}=\frac{1\cdot31+f(258+1\cdot31)}{2\cdot33+g(258+2\cdot33)}=\frac{31+\overbrace{f(289)}^{17}}{66+\underbrace{g(324)}_{18}}=\frac{48}{84}=\frac47.$

~MRENTHUSIASM

Solution 3

Since $n$ isn't a perfect square, let $n=m^2+k$ with $0<k<2m+1$ . If $k$ is odd, then $f(n)=g(n)$ . If $k$ is even, then $\begin{align*} f(n)&=(m+1)^2-(m^2+k)+(m+1)=3m+2-k, \\ g(n)&=(m+2)^2-(m^2+k)+(m+2)=5m+6-k, \end{align*}$ from which $\begin{align*} 7(3m+2-k)&=4(5m+6-k) \\ m&=3k+10. \end{align*}$ Since $k$ is even, $m$ is even. Since $k\neq 0$ , the smallest $k$ is $2$ which produces the smallest $n$ : $k=2 \implies m=16 \implies n=16^2+2=\boxed{258}.$ ~Afo

Solution 4 (Quadratics With Two Variables)

To begin, note that if $n$ is a perfect square, $f(n)=g(n)$ , so $f(n)/g(n)=1$ , so we must look at values of $n$ that are not perfect squares (what a surprise). First, let the distance between $n$ and the first perfect square greater than or equal to it be $k$ , making the values of $f(n+k)$ and $g(n+k)$ integers. Using this notation, we see that $f(n)=k+f(n+k)$ , giving us a formula for the numerator of our ratio. However, since the function of $g(n)$ does not add one to the previous inputs in the function until a perfect square is achieved, but adds values of two, we can not achieve the value of $\sqrt{n+k}$ in $g(n)$ unless $k$ is an even number. However, this is impossible, since if $k$ was an even number, $f(n)=g(n)$ , giving a ratio of one. Thus, $k$ must be an odd number.

Thus, since $k$ must be an odd number, regardless of whether $n$ is even or odd, to get an integral value in $g(n)$ , we must get to the next perfect square after $n+k$ . To make matters easier, let $z^2=n+k$ . Thus, in $g(n)$ , we want to achieve $(z+1)^2$ .

Expanding $(z+1)^2$ and substituting in the fact that $z=\sqrt{n+k}$ yields:

$(z+1)^2=z^2+2z+1=n+k+2\sqrt{n+k}+1$

Thus, we must add the quantity $k+2z+1$ to $n$ to achieve a integral value in the function $g(n)$ . Thus.

$g(n)=(k+2z+1)+\sqrt{n+k+2\sqrt{n+k}+1}$

However, note that the quantity within the square root is just $(z+1)^2$ , and so:

$g(n)=k+3z+2$

Thus, $\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}=\frac{k+z}{k+3z+2}$

Since we want this quantity to equal $\frac{4}{7}$ , we can set the above equation equal to this number and collect all the variables to one side to achieve

$3k-5z=8$

Substituting back in that $z=\sqrt{n+k}$ , and then separating variables and squaring yields that

$9k^2-73k+64=25n$

Now, if we treat $n$ as a constant, we can use the quadratic formula in respect to $k$ to get an equation for $k$ in terms of $n$ (without all the squares). Doing so yields

$\frac{73\pm\sqrt{3025+900n}}{18}=k$

Now, since $n$ and $k$ are integers, we want the quantity within the square root to be a perfect square. Note that $55^2=3025$ . Thus, assume that the quantity within the root is equal to the perfect square, $m^2$ . Thus, after using a difference of squares, we have $(m-55)(m+55)=900n$ Since we want $n$ to be an integer, we know that the $LHS$ should be divisible by five, so, let's assume that we should have $m$ divisible by five. If so, the quantity $18k-73$ must be divisible by five, meaning that $k$ leaves a remainder of one when divided by 5 (if the reader knows LaTeX well enough to write this as a modulo argument, please go ahead and do so!).

Thus, we see that to achieve integers $n$ and $k$ that could potentially satisfy the problem statement, we must try the values of $k$ congruent to one modulo five. However, if we recall a statement made earlier in the solution, we see that we can skip all even values of $k$ produced by this modulo argument.

Also, note that $k=1,6$ won't work, as they are too small, and will give an erroneous value for $n$ . After trying $k=11,21,31$ , we see that $k=31$ will give a value of $m=485$ , which yields $n=\boxed{258}$ , which, if plugged in to for our equations of $f(n)$ and $g(n)$ , will yield the desired ratio, and we're done.

Side Note: If any part of this solution is not rigorous, or too vague, please label it in the margin with "needs proof". If you can prove it, please add a lemma to the solution doing so :)

-Azeem H. (mathislife52)

Solution 5 (Basic Substitutions)

First of all, if $n$ is a perfect square, $f(n)=g(n)=\sqrt{n}$ and their quotient is $1.$ So, for the rest of this solution, assume $n$ is not a perfect square.

Let $a^2$ be the smallest perfect square greater than $n$ and let $b^2$ be the smallest perfect square greater than $n$ with the same parity as $n,$ and note that either $b=a$ or $b=a+1.$ Notice that $(a-1)^2 < n < a^2.$

With a bit of inspection, it becomes clear that $f(n) = a+(a^2-n)$ and $g(n) = b+(b^2-n).$

If $a$ and $n$ have the same parity, we get $a=b$ so $f(n) = g(n)$ and their quotient is $1.$ So, for the rest of this solution, we let $a$ and $n$ have opposite parity. We have two cases to consider.

Case 1: $n$ is odd and $a$ is even

Here, we get $a=2k$ for some positive integer $k.$ Then, $b = 2k+1.$ We let $n = a^2-(2m+1)$ for some positive integer $m$ so $f(n) = 2k+2m+1$ and $g(n) = 2k+1+2m+1+4k+1 = 6k+2m+3.$

We set $\frac{2k+2m+1}{6k+2m+3}=\frac{4}{7},$ cross multiply, and rearrange to get $6m-10k=5.$ Since $k$ and $m$ are integers, the LHS will always be even and the RHS will always be odd, and thus, this case yields no solutions.

Case 2: $n$ is even and $a$ is odd

Here, we get $a=2k+1$ for some positive ineger $k.$ Then, $b=2k+2.$ We let $n = a^2-(2m+1)$ for some positive integer $m$ so $f(n)=2k+1+2m+1=2k+2m+2$ and $g(n)=2k+2+2m+1+4k+3 = 6k+2m+6.$

We set $\frac{2k+2m+2}{6k+2m+6} = \frac{4}{7},$ cross multiply, and rearrange to get $5k=3m-5,$ or $k=\frac{3}{5}m-1.$ Since $k$ and $m$ are integers, $m$ must be a multiple of $5.$ Some possible solutions for $(k,m)$ with the least $k$ and $m$ are $(2,5), (5,10), (8,15),$ and $(11,20).$

We wish to minimize $k$ since $a=2k+1.$ One thing to keep in mind is the initial assumption $(a-1)^2 < n < a^2.$

The pair $(2,5)$ gives $a=2(2)+1=5$ and $n=5^2-(2(5)+1)=14.$ But $4^2<14<5^2$ is clearly false, so we discard this case.

The pair $(5,10)$ gives $a=2(5)+1=11$ and $n=11^2-(2(10)+1)=100,$ which is a perfect square and therefore can be discarded.

The pair $(8,15)$ gives $a=2(8)+1=17$ and $n=17^2-(2(15)+1)=258,$ which is between $16^2$ and $17^2$ so it is our smallest solution.

So, $\boxed{258}$ is the correct answer.

~mc21s

Solution 6 (Short)

Say the answer is in the form $n^{2}-x$ , then $x$ must be odd or else $f(x) = g(x)$ . Say $y = n^{2}-x$ . $f(y) = x+n$ , $g(y) = 3n+2+x$ . Because $f(y)/g(y)$ = $4$ *(an integer)/ $7$ *(an integer), $f(y)$ is $4$ *(an integer) so $n$ must be odd or else $f(y)$ would be odd. Solving for $x$ in terms of $n$ gives integer $x = (5/3)n+8/3$ which means $n$ is $2$ mod $3$ , because $n$ is also odd, $n$ is $5$ mod $6$ . $x$ must be less than $2n-1$ or else the minimum square above $y$ would be $(n-1)^{2}$ . We set an inequality $(5/3)n+8/3<2n-1 => 5n+8<6n-3 => n>11$ . Since $n$ is $5$ mod $6$ , $n = 17$ and $x = 31$ giving $17^{2}-31$ = $\boxed{258}$ .

~mathophobia

~ $\LaTeX$ added by Bread10

Solution 7

Define a nonnegative integer $k$ such that $g(n)-f(n)$ = $k$ . Since $\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7},$ $k$ is a positive integer. Now, suppose 3 consecutive integers $a-1$ , $a$ , and $a+1$ , and $(a-1)^2 < n < a^2$ . When $g(n) > f(n)$ , $g(n)$ must have a different parity than $a$ , so that $f(n)$ 's recursive sequence ends on $a^2$ , while $g(n)$ continues to $(a+1)^2$ . If this condition is satisfied, we can figure out the value of $k$ based on $a$ . According to the definitions of $f(n)$ and $g(n)$ , $f(n) = a+a^2-n,$ and $g(n) = (a+1)+(a+1)^2-n,$ which gives $k = 2a+2$ . And because of $f(n) + k = g(n)$ , $\frac{k}{g(n)} = \frac{3}{7},$ so cross multiplying gives $3g(n) = 14a+14$ . This means that $14a+14$ is divisible by 3, and thus $a \equiv 2 \pmod{3}$ . The final thing left is to find the smallest $a$ such that the corresponding value of $g(n)$ exist. Simple guess and check should give that the smallest value of $a$ is $a = 17$ , which yields an answer of $n = \boxed{258}$ .

~ Marchk26

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/tRVe2bKwIY8

~Mathematical Dexterity

Video Solution by Interstigation

https://youtu.be/WmEmwt3xwoo

~Interstigation

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 \end{cases}</cmath>for positive integers <math>n</math>. Find the least positive integer <math>n</math> such that <math>\tfrac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \tfrac{4}{7}</math>.
-==Solution==
+==Solution 1==
-We can't have a solution without a problem.
-==See also==
+Consider what happens when we try to calculate <math>f(n)</math> where n is not a square. If <math>k^2<n<(k+1)^2</math> for (positive) integer k, recursively calculating the value of the function gives us <math>f(n)=(k+1)^2-n+f((k+1)^2)=k^2+3k+2-n</math>. Note that this formula also returns the correct value when <math>n=(k+1)^2</math>, but not when <math>n=k^2</math>. Thus <math>f(n)=k^2+3k+2-n</math> for <math>k^2<n \leq (k+1)^2</math>.
+If <math>2 \mid (k+1)^2-n</math>, <math>g(n)</math> returns the same value as <math>f(n)</math>. This is because the recursion once again stops at <math>(k+1)^2</math>. We seek a case in which <math>f(n)<g(n)</math>, so obviously this is not what we want. We want <math>(k+1)^2,n</math> to have a different parity, or <math>n, k</math> have the same parity. When this is the case, <math>g(n)</math> instead returns <math>(k+2)^2-n+g((k+2)^2)=k^2+5k+6-n</math>.
+Write <math>7f(n)=4g(n)</math>, which simplifies to <math>3k^2+k-10=3n</math>. Notice that we want the LHS expression to be divisible by 3; as a result, <math>k \equiv 1 \pmod{3}</math>. We also want n to be strictly greater than <math>k^2</math>, so <math>k-10>0, k>10</math>. The LHS expression is always even (since <math>3k^2+k-10</math> factors to <math>k(3k+1)-10</math>, and one of <math>k</math> and <math>3k+1</math> will be even), so to ensure that <math>k</math> and <math>n</math> share the same parity, <math>k</math> should be even. Then the least <math>k</math> that satisfies these requirements is <math>k=16</math>, giving <math>n=258</math>.
+Indeed - if we check our answer, it works. Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{258}</math>.
+-Ross Gao
+==Solution 2 (Four Variables)==
+We consider <math>f(n)</math> and <math>g(n)</math> separately:
+<ul style="list-style-type:square;">
+  <li><math>\boldsymbol{f(n)}</math><p>
+We restrict <math>n</math> in which <math>k^2<n\leq(k+1)^2</math> for some positive integer <math>k,</math> or <cmath>n=(k+1)^2-p\hspace{40mm}(1)</cmath> for some integer <math>p</math> such that <math>0\leq p<2k+1.</math> By recursion, we get
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+f\left((k+1)^2\right)&=k+1, \\
+f\left((k+1)^2-1\right)&=k+2, \\
+f\left((k+1)^2-2\right)&=k+3, \\
+& \ \vdots \\
+f\bigl(\phantom{ }\underbrace{(k+1)^2-p}_{n}\phantom{ }\bigr)&=k+p+1. \hspace{19mm}(2) \\
+\end{align*}</cmath></li><p>
+  <li><math>\boldsymbol{g(n)}</math><p>
+If <math>n</math> and <math>(k+1)^2</math> have the same parity, then we get <math>g(n)=f(n)</math> by a similar process from <math>g\left((k+1)^2\right)=k+1.</math> This contradicts the precondition <math>\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7}.</math> Therefore, <math>n</math> and <math>(k+1)^2</math> must have different parities, from which <math>n</math> and <math>(k+2)^2</math> must have the same parity. <p>
+It follows that <math>k^2<n<(k+2)^2,</math> or <cmath>n=(k+2)^2-2q\hspace{38.25mm}(3)</cmath> for some integer <math>q</math> such that <math>0<q<2k+2.</math> By recursion, we get
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+g\left((k+2)^2\right)&=k+2, \\
+g\left((k+2)^2-2\right)&=k+4, \\
+g\left((k+2)^2-4\right)&=k+6, \\
+& \ \vdots \\
+g\bigl(\phantom{ }\underbrace{(k+2)^2-2q}_{n}\phantom{ }\bigr)&=k+2q+2. \hspace{15.5mm}(4) \\
+\end{align*}</cmath></li><p>
+  <li><b>Answer</b><p>
+By <math>(2)</math> and <math>(4),</math> we have <cmath>\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}=\frac{k+p+1}{k+2q+2}=\frac{4}{7}. \hspace{27mm}(5)</cmath>
+From <math>(1)</math> and <math>(3),</math> equating the expressions for <math>n</math> gives <math>(k+1)^2-p=(k+2)^2-2q.</math> Solving for <math>k</math> produces <cmath>k=\frac{2q-p-3}{2}. \hspace{41.25mm}(6)</cmath>
+We substitute <math>(6)</math> into <math>(5),</math> then simplify, cross-multiply, and rearrange:
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+\frac{\tfrac{2q-p-3}{2}+p+1}{\tfrac{2q-p-3}{2}+2q+2}&=\frac{4}{7} \\
+\frac{p+2q-1}{-p+6q+1}&=\frac{4}{7} \\
+p+14q-7&=-4p+24q+4 \\
+p-11&=10q \\
+(p-1)&=10q. \hspace{29mm}(7)
+\end{align*}</cmath>
+Since <math>\gcd(11,10)=1,</math> we know that <math>p-1</math> must be divisible by <math>10,</math> and <math>q</math> must be divisible by <math>11.</math> <p> Recall that the restrictions on <math>(1)</math> and <math>(2)</math> are <math>0\leq p<2k+1</math> and <math>0<q<2k+2,</math> respectively. Substituting <math>(6)</math> into either inequality gives <math>p+1<q.</math> Combining all these results produces <cmath>0<p+1<q<2k+2. \hspace{28mm}(8)</cmath>
+To minimize <math>n</math> in either <math>(1)</math> or <math>(3),</math> we minimize <math>k,</math> so we minimize <math>p</math> and <math>q</math> in <math>(8).</math> From <math>(6)</math> and <math>(7),</math> we construct the following table:
+<cmath>\begin{array}{c|c|c|c}
+& & & \\ [-2.5ex]
+\boldsymbol{p} & \boldsymbol{q} & \boldsymbol{k} & \textbf{Satisfies }\boldsymbol{(8)?} \\ [0.5ex]
+\hline
+& & & \\ [-2ex]
+& 11 & 4 & \\
+& 22 & 10 & \\
+& 33 & 16 & \checkmark \\
+\geq41 & \geq44 & \geq22 & \checkmark \\
+\end{array}</cmath>
+Finally, we have <math>(p,q,k)=(31,33,16).</math> Substituting this result into either <math>(1)</math> or <math>(3)</math> generates <math>n=\boxed{258}.</math></li><p>
+  <li><b>Remark</b><p>
+We can verify that <cmath>\frac{f(258)}{g(258)}=\frac{1\cdot31+f(258+1\cdot31)}{2\cdot33+g(258+2\cdot33)}=\frac{31+\overbrace{f(289)}^{17}}{66+\underbrace{g(324)}_{18}}=\frac{48}{84}=\frac47.</cmath></li><p>
+</ul>
+~MRENTHUSIASM
+==Solution 3==
+Since <math>n</math> isn't a perfect square, let <math>n=m^2+k</math> with <math>0<k<2m+1</math>. If <math>k</math> is odd, then <math>f(n)=g(n)</math>. If <math>k</math> is even, then
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+f(n)&=(m+1)^2-(m^2+k)+(m+1)=3m+2-k, \\
+g(n)&=(m+2)^2-(m^2+k)+(m+2)=5m+6-k,
+\end{align*}</cmath>
+from which
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+(3m+2-k)&=4(5m+6-k) \\
+m&=3k+10.
+\end{align*}</cmath>
+Since <math>k</math> is even, <math>m</math> is even. Since <math>k\neq 0</math>, the smallest <math>k</math> is <math>2</math> which produces the smallest <math>n</math>: <cmath>k=2 \implies m=16 \implies n=16^2+2=\boxed{258}.</cmath>
+~Afo
+==Solution 4 (Quadratics With Two Variables)==
+To begin, note that if <math>n</math> is a perfect square, <math>f(n)=g(n)</math>, so <math>f(n)/g(n)=1</math>, so we must look at values of <math>n</math> that are not perfect squares (what a surprise). First, let the distance between <math>n</math> and the first perfect square greater than or equal to it be <math>k</math>, making the values of <math>f(n+k)</math> and <math>g(n+k)</math> integers. Using this notation, we see that <math>f(n)=k+f(n+k)</math>, giving us a formula for the numerator of our ratio. However, since the function of <math>g(n)</math> does not add one to the previous inputs in the function until a perfect square is achieved, but adds values of two, we can not achieve the value of <math>\sqrt{n+k}</math> in <math>g(n)</math> unless <math>k</math> is an even number. However, this is impossible, since if <math>k</math> was an even number, <math>f(n)=g(n)</math>, giving a ratio of one. Thus, <math>k</math> must be an odd number.
+Thus, since <math>k</math> must be an odd number, regardless of whether <math>n</math> is even or odd, to get an integral value in <math>g(n)</math>, we must get to the next perfect square after <math>n+k</math>. To make matters easier, let <math>z^2=n+k</math>. Thus, in <math>g(n)</math>, we want to achieve <math>(z+1)^2</math>.
+Expanding <math>(z+1)^2</math> and substituting in the fact that <math>z=\sqrt{n+k}</math> yields:
+<cmath>(z+1)^2=z^2+2z+1=n+k+2\sqrt{n+k}+1</cmath>
+Thus, we must add the quantity <math>k+2z+1</math> to <math>n</math> to achieve a integral value in the function <math>g(n)</math>. Thus.
+<cmath>g(n)=(k+2z+1)+\sqrt{n+k+2\sqrt{n+k}+1}</cmath>
+However, note that the quantity within the square root is just <math>(z+1)^2</math>, and so:
+<cmath>g(n)=k+3z+2</cmath>
+Thus,
+<cmath>\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}=\frac{k+z}{k+3z+2}</cmath>
+Since we want this quantity to equal <math>\frac{4}{7}</math>, we can set the above equation equal to this number and collect all the variables to one side to achieve
+<cmath>3k-5z=8</cmath>
+Substituting back in that <math>z=\sqrt{n+k}</math>, and then separating variables and squaring yields that
+<cmath>9k^2-73k+64=25n</cmath>
+Now, if we treat <math>n</math> as a constant, we can use the quadratic formula in respect to <math>k</math> to get an equation for <math>k</math> in terms of <math>n</math> (without all the squares). Doing so yields
+<cmath>\frac{73\pm\sqrt{3025+900n}}{18}=k</cmath>
+Now, since <math>n</math> and <math>k</math> are integers, we want the quantity within the square root to be a perfect square. Note that <math>55^2=3025</math>. Thus, assume that the quantity within the root is equal to the perfect square, <math>m^2</math>. Thus, after using a difference of squares, we have
+<cmath>(m-55)(m+55)=900n</cmath>
+Since we want <math>n</math> to be an integer, we know that the <math>LHS</math> should be divisible by five, so, let's assume that we should have <math>m</math> divisible by five. If so, the quantity <math>18k-73</math> must be divisible by five, meaning that <math>k</math> leaves a remainder of one when divided by 5 (if the reader knows LaTeX well enough to write this as a modulo argument, please go ahead and do so!).
+Thus, we see that to achieve integers <math>n</math> and <math>k</math> that could potentially satisfy the problem statement, we must try the values of <math>k</math> congruent to one modulo five. However, if we recall a statement made earlier in the solution, we see that we can skip all even values of <math>k</math> produced by this modulo argument.
+Also, note that <math>k=1,6</math> won't work, as they are too small, and will give an erroneous value for <math>n</math>. After trying <math>k=11,21,31</math>, we see that <math>k=31</math> will give a value of <math>m=485</math>, which yields <math>n=\boxed{258}</math>, which, if plugged in to for our equations of <math>f(n)</math> and <math>g(n)</math>, will yield the desired ratio, and we're done.
+Side Note: If any part of this solution is not rigorous, or too vague, please label it in the margin with "needs proof". If you can prove it, please add a lemma to the solution doing so :)
+-Azeem H. (mathislife52)
+==Solution 5 (Basic Substitutions)==
+First of all, if <math>n</math> is a perfect square, <math>f(n)=g(n)=\sqrt{n}</math> and their quotient is <math>1.</math> So, for the rest of this solution, assume <math>n</math> is not a perfect square.
+Let <math>a^2</math> be the smallest perfect square greater than <math>n</math> and let <math>b^2</math> be the smallest perfect square greater than <math>n</math> with the same parity as <math>n,</math> and note that either <math>b=a</math> or <math>b=a+1.</math> Notice that <math>(a-1)^2 < n < a^2.</math>
+With a bit of inspection, it becomes clear that <math>f(n) = a+(a^2-n)</math> and <math>g(n) = b+(b^2-n).</math>
+If <math>a</math> and <math>n</math> have the same parity, we get <math>a=b</math> so <math>f(n) = g(n)</math> and their quotient is <math>1.</math> So, for the rest of this solution, we let <math>a</math> and <math>n</math> have opposite parity. We have two cases to consider.
+Case 1: <math>n</math> is odd and <math>a</math> is even
+Here, we get <math>a=2k</math> for some positive integer <math>k.</math> Then, <math>b = 2k+1.</math> We let <math>n = a^2-(2m+1)</math> for some positive integer <math>m</math> so <math>f(n) = 2k+2m+1</math> and <math>g(n) = 2k+1+2m+1+4k+1 = 6k+2m+3.</math>
+We set <math>\frac{2k+2m+1}{6k+2m+3}=\frac{4}{7},</math> cross multiply, and rearrange to get <math>6m-10k=5.</math> Since <math>k</math> and <math>m</math> are integers, the LHS will always be even and the RHS will always be odd, and thus, this case yields no solutions.
+Case 2: <math>n</math> is even and <math>a</math> is odd
+Here, we get <math>a=2k+1</math> for some positive ineger <math>k.</math> Then, <math>b=2k+2.</math> We let <math>n = a^2-(2m+1)</math> for some positive integer <math>m</math> so <math>f(n)=2k+1+2m+1=2k+2m+2</math> and <math>g(n)=2k+2+2m+1+4k+3 = 6k+2m+6.</math>
+We set <math>\frac{2k+2m+2}{6k+2m+6} = \frac{4}{7},</math> cross multiply, and rearrange to get <math>5k=3m-5,</math> or <math>k=\frac{3}{5}m-1.</math> Since <math>k</math> and <math>m</math> are integers, <math>m</math> must be a multiple of <math>5.</math> Some possible solutions for <math>(k,m)</math> with the least <math>k</math> and <math>m</math> are <math>(2,5), (5,10), (8,15),</math> and <math>(11,20).</math>
+We wish to minimize <math>k</math> since <math>a=2k+1.</math> One thing to keep in mind is the initial assumption <math>(a-1)^2 < n < a^2.</math>
+The pair <math>(2,5)</math> gives <math>a=2(2)+1=5</math> and <math>n=5^2-(2(5)+1)=14.</math> But <math>4^2<14<5^2</math> is clearly false, so we discard this case.
+The pair <math>(5,10)</math> gives <math>a=2(5)+1=11</math> and <math>n=11^2-(2(10)+1)=100,</math> which is a perfect square and therefore can be discarded.
+The pair <math>(8,15)</math> gives <math>a=2(8)+1=17</math> and <math>n=17^2-(2(15)+1)=258,</math> which is between <math>16^2</math> and <math>17^2</math> so it is our smallest solution.
+So, <math>\boxed{258}</math> is the correct answer.
+~mc21s
+==Solution 6 (Short) ==
+Say the answer is in the form <math>n^{2}-x</math>, then <math>x</math> must be odd or else <math>f(x) = g(x)</math>. Say <math>y = n^{2}-x</math>. <math>f(y) = x+n</math>, <math>g(y) = 3n+2+x</math>. Because <math>f(y)/g(y)</math> = <math>4</math>*(an integer)/<math>7</math>*(an integer),  <math>f(y)</math> is <math>4</math>*(an integer) so <math>n</math> must be odd or else <math>f(y)</math> would be odd. Solving for <math>x</math> in terms of <math>n</math> gives integer <math>x = (5/3)n+8/3</math> which means <math>n</math> is <math>2</math> mod <math>3</math>, because <math>n</math> is also odd, <math>n</math> is <math>5</math> mod <math>6</math>. <math>x</math> must be less than <math>2n-1</math> or else the minimum square above <math>y</math> would be <math>(n-1)^{2}</math>. We set an inequality
+<math>(5/3)n+8/3<2n-1 => 5n+8<6n-3 => n>11</math>.
+Since <math>n</math> is <math>5</math> mod <math>6</math>, <math>n = 17</math> and <math>x = 31</math> giving <math>17^{2}-31</math> = <math>\boxed{258}</math>.
+~mathophobia
+~<math>\LaTeX</math> added by Bread10
+==Solution 7==
+Define a nonnegative integer <math>k</math> such that <math>g(n)-f(n)</math> = <math>k</math>. Since <math>\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7},</math> <math>k</math> is a positive integer. Now, suppose 3 consecutive integers <math>a-1</math>, <math>a</math>, and <math>a+1</math>, and <math>(a-1)^2 < n < a^2</math>. When <math>g(n) > f(n)</math>, <math>g(n)</math> must have a different parity than <math>a</math>, so that <math>f(n)</math>'s recursive sequence ends on <math>a^2</math>, while <math>g(n)</math> continues to <math>(a+1)^2</math>. If this condition is satisfied, we can figure out the value of <math>k</math> based on <math>a</math>. According to the definitions of <math>f(n)</math> and <math>g(n)</math>, <math>f(n) = a+a^2-n,</math> and <math>g(n) = (a+1)+(a+1)^2-n,</math> which gives <math>k = 2a+2</math>. And because of <math>f(n) + k = g(n)</math>, <math>\frac{k}{g(n)} = \frac{3}{7},</math> so cross multiplying gives <math>3g(n) = 14a+14</math>. This means that <math>14a+14</math> is divisible by 3, and thus <math>a \equiv 2 \pmod{3}</math>. The final thing left is to find the smallest <math>a</math> such that the corresponding value of <math>g(n)</math> exist. Simple guess and check should give that the smallest value of <math>a</math> is <math>a = 17</math>, which yields an answer of <math> n = \boxed{258}</math>.
+~ Marchk26
+==Video Solution==
+https://youtu.be/tRVe2bKwIY8
+~Mathematical Dexterity
+==Video Solution by Interstigation==
+https://youtu.be/WmEmwt3xwoo
+~Interstigation
+==See Also==
 {{AIME box|year=2021|n=II|num-b=14|after=Last Question}}
 {{MAA Notice}}

2021 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 14	Followed by Last Question
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

Page

Toolbox

Search