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Difference between revisions of "2019 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 22"

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==Problem==
 
==Problem==
  
−
Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with <math> \$1</math>. A bell rings every <math>15</math> seconds, at which time each of the players who currently have money simultaneously chooses one of the other two players independently and at random and gives <math>\$1</math> to that player. What is the probability that after the bell has rung <math>2019</math> times, each player will have <math>\$1</math>? (For example, Raashan and Ted may each decide to give <math>\$1</math> to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her her dollar to Ted, at which point Raashan will have <math>\$0</math>, Sylvia will have <math>\$2</math>, and Ted will have <math>\$1</math>, and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Rashaan has no money to give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their <math> \$1</math> to, and the holdings will be the same at the end of the second round.)
+
Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with <math> \$1</math>. A bell rings every <math>15</math> seconds, at which time each of the players who currently have money simultaneously chooses one of the other two players independently and at random and gives <math>\$1</math> to that player. What is the probability that after the bell has rung <math>2019</math> times, each player will have <math>\$1</math>? (For example, Raashan and Ted may each decide to give <math>\$1</math> to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her dollar to Ted, at which point Raashan will have <math>\$0</math>, Sylvia will have <math>\$2</math>, and Ted will have <math>\$1</math>, and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Rashaan has no money to give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their <math> \$1</math> to, and the holdings will be the same at the end of the second round.)
  
 
<math>\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}</math>
 
<math>\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}</math>
  
 
==Solution 1==
 
==Solution 1==
 +
On the first turn, each player starts off with <math>\$1</math>. Each turn after that, there are only two possibilities: either everyone stays at <math>\$1</math>, which we will write as <math>(1-1-1)</math>, or the distribution of money becomes <math>\$2-\$1-\$0</math> in some order, which we write as <math>(2-1-0)</math>. (<math>(3-0-0)</math> cannot be achieved since either(1)the person cannot give money to himself or (2)there are a maximum of 2 dollars being distributed and the person has nothing to start with). We will consider these two states separately.
  
−
On the first turn, each player starts off with <math>\text{\$1}</math> each. Each turn after that, there are only two situations possible: either everyone stays at <math>\text{\$1}</math> <math>\text{(1-1-1)}</math>, or the distribution of money becomes <math>\text{\$2-\$1-\$0}</math>, in any order <math>\text{(2-1-0)}</math>.
+
In the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state, each person has two choices for whom to give their dollar to, meaning there are <math>2^3=8</math> possible ways that the money can be rearranged. Note that there are only two ways that we can reach <math>(1-1-1)</math> again:
  
−
(Note: <math>\text{S-T-R}</math> means that <math>\text{R}</math> gives his money to <math>\text{S}</math>, <math>\text{S}</math> gives her money to <math>\text{T}</math>, and <math>\text{T}</math> gives his money to <math>\text{R}</math>.)
+
1. Raashan gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Ted, who gives his money to Raashan.
  
−
From the <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> state, there are two ways to distribute the money so that it stays in a <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> state: <math>\text{S-T-R}</math> and <math>\text{T-R-S}</math>. There are 6 ways to change the state to <math>\text{2-1-0}</math>: <math>\text{S-R-R}</math>, <math>\text{T-R-R}</math>, <math>\text{S-R-S}</math>, <math>\text{S-T-S}</math>, <math>\text{T-T-R}</math>, and <math>\text{T-T-S}</math>. This means that the probability that the state stays <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> is <math>\textstyle\frac{2}{8}=\frac{1}{4}</math>, and the probability that the state changes to <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> is <math>\textstyle\frac{6}{8}=\frac{3}{4}</math>.
+
2. Raashan gives his money to Ted, who gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Raashan.
  
−
From the <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> state, there is one way to change the state back to <math>\text{1-1-1}</math>: <math>\text{S-T-0}</math>. (We can assume that <math>\text{R}</math> has <math>\text{\$2}</math>, <math>\text{S}</math> has <math>\text{\$1}</math>, and <math>\text{T}</math> has <math>\text{\$0}</math> since only the distribution of money matters, not the specific people.) There are three ways to keep the <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> state: <math>\text{S-R-0}</math>, <math>\text{T-R-0}</math>, <math>\text{T-T-0}</math>. This means that the probability that the state changes to <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> is <math>\textstyle\frac{1}{4}</math>, and the probability that the state stays <math>\text{2-1-0}</math> is <math>\textstyle\frac{3}{4}</math>.
+
Thus, the probability of staying in the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, while the probability of going to the <math>(2-1-0)</math> state is <math>\frac{3}{4}</math> (we can check that the 6 other possibilities lead to <math>(2-1-0)</math>).
  
−
We can see that there will always be a <math>\textstyle\frac{1}{4}</math> chance that the money is distributed <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> (as long as the bell rings once), so the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(B) }\frac{1}{4}}</math>.
 
  
−
~~Edited by IYN~~
+
In the <math>(2-1-0)</math> state, we will label the person with <math>\$2</math> as person A, the person with <math>\$1</math> as person B, and the person with <math>\$0</math> as person C. Person A has two options for whom to give money to, and person B has 2 options for whom to give money to, meaning there are total <math>2\cdot 2 = 4</math> ways the money can be redistributed. The only way that the distribution can return to <math>(1-1-1)</math> is if A gives <math>\$1</math> to B, and B gives <math>\$1</math> to C. We check the other possibilities to find that they all lead back to <math>(2-1-0)</math>. Thus, the probability of going to the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, while the probability of staying in the <math>(2-1-0)</math> state is <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>.
  
−
Edited by [[User:DottedCaculator|DottedCaculator]]
+
No matter which state we are in, the probability of going to the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state is always <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>. This means that, after the bell rings 2018 times, regardless of what state the money distribution is in, there is a <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> probability of going to the <math>(1-1-1)</math> state after the 2019th bell ring. Thus, our answer is simply <math>\boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}</math>.
  
−
==Solution 2==
+
==Solution 2 (Symmetry)==
−
After each bell ring, there are two situations: either they each have <math>\text{\$1}</math> each, or one of them has <math>\text{\$2}</math>, another has <math>\text{\$1}</math>, and the third has <math>\text{\$0}</math>. In each of these cases, we need to calculate the probability of returning to the <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> state.
+
After the first ring, either nothing changes, or someone has <math>\$2</math>. No one can have <math>\$3</math>, since in that hypothetical round, that person would have to give away <math>\$1</math>. Thus, the outcome is either <math>1-1-1</math> or six symmetrical cases where one person gets <math>\$2</math> (e.g. a <math>1-2-0</math> or <math>2-1-0</math> split).  
  
−
Case 1: Each player has <math>\text{\$1}</math>. WLOG, let Raashan give his dollar to Sylvia. Then Sylvia must give her dollar to Ted and Ted must give his dollar to Raashan, which happens with <math>\frac12 \cdot \frac12 = \frac14</math> probability.
 
  
−
Case 2: One player has <math>\text{\$2}</math>, another has <math>\text{\$1}</math>, and the third has <math>\text{\$0}</math>. WLOG, let Raashan have <math>\text{\$2}</math>, Sylvia have <math>\text{\$1}</math>, and Ted have <math>\text{\$0}</math>. Then Raashan must give his dollar to Sylvia and Sylvia must give her dollar to Ted, which happens with <math>\frac12 \cdot \frac12 = \frac14</math> probability.
+
'''Case 1: Probability of returning to 1-1-1 from 1-1-1'''
  
−
Since the probability of returning to the <math>\text{1-1-1}</math> state is <math>\frac14</math> no matter what the situation is, the probability that each player will have <math>\text{\$1}</math> after the bell rings <math>2019</math> times is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(B) }\frac{1}{4}}</math>.
+
There are two ways for the three people to exchange dollars to get to the same <math>1-1-1</math> result. To see this, seat R, S, and T in a circle. Each person gives their dollar to either the person at left, or at right, to result in again 1 dollar for each person. There are 8 overall possibilities (since each person has 2 choices when giving away his or her dollar, therefore <math>2^3</math> total possibilities). So, there is <math>1/4</math> chance of returning to <math>1-1-1</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Case 2: Probability of returning to 1-1-1 from 2-1-0'''
 +
 
 +
Without loss of generality, take the <math>2-1-0</math> case. Only 2 people can give money, so there are now <math>2^2=4</math> possible outcomes after the bell rings. It either decomposes back into <math>1-1-1</math>, <math>2-1-0</math> (remained unchanged), <math>2-0-1</math>, <math>1-0-2</math>. Thus, there is a <math>1/4</math> chance of returning to <math>1-1-1</math>. Notice that this works for any of the 6 cases, as each is symmetrical to the others.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Answer'''
 +
 
 +
Since the starting state has a <math>1/4</math> chance of remaining unchanged, and each of the different 6 symmetric states all also have a <math>1/4</math> chance of reverting back to <math>1-1-1</math>, the chance of it being <math>1-1-1</math> after any state is always <math>\boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}</math>.
 +
 
 +
==Solution 3==
 +
The two possible scenarios are they all have <math>1</math> dollar, or one person has <math>2</math> dollars, another has <math>1</math>, and the last has none. We will consider the second scenario all to be the same no matter who has the <math>2</math> dollars, <math>1</math> dollar or <math>0</math> dollars from symmetry.
 +
 +
Let's consider all possible scenarios when the bell rings if they currently all have 1 dollar.
 +
<cmath>SRR -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>SRS -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>STR -> 1, 1, 1</cmath>
 +
<cmath>STS -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>TRR -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>TRS -> 1, 1, 1</cmath>
 +
<cmath>TTR -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>TTS -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
We see that <math>\frac{2}{8}</math> or <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> of the cases lead to them continuing to all of them having <math>1</math> dollar.
 +
Now, let's consider all the possible scenarios when the bell rings if they currently have <math>2, 1, 0</math> dollars. Without loss of generality, let's say that R and S have <math>2</math> and <math>1</math> dollar respectively. (We can switch the names, our answer won't change).
 +
<cmath>SR -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>ST -> 1, 1, 1</cmath>
 +
<cmath>TR -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
<cmath>TT -> 2, 1, 0</cmath>
 +
We see that <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> of the cases lead to them changing to all have <math>1</math> dollar.
 +
 
 +
So, no matter what was the scenario when the bell had been rung <math>2018</math> times, when the bell is rung the <math>2019</math>th time, there is always a <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> chance that it will turn into (or stay as) <math>(1, 1, 1)</math>
 +
 
 +
==Solution 4 (Markov Chain)==
 +
Let the state <math>(1-1-1)</math> be <math>A</math>, and state <math>(2-1-0)</math> without considering the order be <math>B</math>. Similar to the previous <math>3</math> solutions, after a bell ring, the probability of state <math>A</math> staying in state <math>A</math> is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, that of state <math>A</math> transiting to state <math>B</math> is <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>, that of state <math>B</math> staying in state <math>B</math> is <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>, that of state <math>B</math> transiting to state <math>A</math> is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>. Using a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain Markov Chain], the state transition diagram is shown below.
 +
 
 +
[[File:MarkovChain.png|center|300px]]
 +
 
 +
<cmath>\begin{align}
 +
P_A &= P_A \cdot \frac{1}{4} + P_B \cdot \frac{1}{4} \\
 +
P_B &= P_A \cdot \frac{3}{4} + P_B \cdot \frac{3}{4} \\
 +
&P_A + P_B = 1
 +
\end{align}</cmath>
 +
 
 +
<math>(1)</math> and <math>(2)</math> are equivalent, from <math>(1)</math> or <math>(2)</math>, we get <math>P_B = 3P_A</math>. Solving the system of equations, we get <math>P_A = \boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}</math>
 +
 
 +
Note: the number of bell rings doesn't matter, <math>2019</math> is redundant.
 +
 
 +
~[https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/User:Isabelchen isabelchen]
 +
 
 +
Note 2: You can see that the number of bell rings doesn't matter through working state-by-state.
 +
 
 +
After 1 ring, the probability of state <math>(1-1-1)</math> is <math>1/4</math> and the probability of state <math>(2-1-0)</math> is <math>3/4.</math>
 +
 
 +
Another iteration and you have the probability of state <math>(1-1-1)</math> to be
 +
<cmath>\frac14 \cdot (1-1-1)_1 + \frac14 \cdot (2-1-0)_1 = 1/4 \cdot 1/4 + 3/4 \cdot 1/4 = \frac14</cmath>
 +
and the probability of state <math>(2-1-0)</math> to be
 +
<cmath>3/4 \cdot 3/4 + 3/4 \cdot 1/4 = \frac34.</cmath>
 +
 
 +
~mathboy282
 +
 
 +
==Solution 5 (Risky Guessing)==
 +
This works if one is short on time. Looking at how simple answer choices are, it seems like the number of bell rings is extra information (the other solutions show that this is true). So, we assume that the probability will be the same no matter how many times the bell rings, and we calculate it for <math>1</math> bell ring. Each person can give their dollar to <math>2</math> other people, so there are <math>2^3=8</math> ways to switch up the money. Out of these <math>8</math> ways, <math>2! = 2</math> of them leave everyone with a dollar again, so our probability is <math>\tfrac{2}{8} = \boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}</math>.
 +
 
 +
== Video Solution by OmegaLearn ==
 +
https://youtu.be/rLAcJe3o-uA?t=1086
 +
 
 +
~ pi_is_3.14
 +
 
 +
==Video Solution==
 +
https://youtu.be/XT440PjAFmQ
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Latest revision as of 20:09, 13 October 2024

The following problem is from both the 2019 AMC 10B #22 and 2019 AMC 12B #19, so both problems redirect to this page.

Problem

Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with $$1$. A bell rings every $15$ seconds, at which time each of the players who currently have money simultaneously chooses one of the other two players independently and at random and gives $$1$ to that player. What is the probability that after the bell has rung $2019$ times, each player will have $$1$? (For example, Raashan and Ted may each decide to give $$1$ to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her dollar to Ted, at which point Raashan will have $$0$, Sylvia will have $$2$, and Ted will have $$1$, and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Rashaan has no money to give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their $$1$ to, and the holdings will be the same at the end of the second round.)

$\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}$

Solution 1

On the first turn, each player starts off with $$1$. Each turn after that, there are only two possibilities: either everyone stays at $$1$, which we will write as $(1-1-1)$, or the distribution of money becomes $$2-$1-$0$ in some order, which we write as $(2-1-0)$. ($(3-0-0)$ cannot be achieved since either(1)the person cannot give money to himself or (2)there are a maximum of 2 dollars being distributed and the person has nothing to start with). We will consider these two states separately.

In the $(1-1-1)$ state, each person has two choices for whom to give their dollar to, meaning there are $2^3=8$ possible ways that the money can be rearranged. Note that there are only two ways that we can reach $(1-1-1)$ again:

1. Raashan gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Ted, who gives his money to Raashan.

2. Raashan gives his money to Ted, who gives his money to Sylvia, who gives her money to Raashan.

Thus, the probability of staying in the $(1-1-1)$ state is $\frac{1}{4}$, while the probability of going to the $(2-1-0)$ state is $\frac{3}{4}$ (we can check that the 6 other possibilities lead to $(2-1-0)$).


In the $(2-1-0)$ state, we will label the person with $$2$ as person A, the person with $$1$ as person B, and the person with $$0$ as person C. Person A has two options for whom to give money to, and person B has 2 options for whom to give money to, meaning there are total $2\cdot 2 = 4$ ways the money can be redistributed. The only way that the distribution can return to $(1-1-1)$ is if A gives $$1$ to B, and B gives $$1$ to C. We check the other possibilities to find that they all lead back to $(2-1-0)$. Thus, the probability of going to the $(1-1-1)$ state is $\frac{1}{4}$, while the probability of staying in the $(2-1-0)$ state is $\frac{3}{4}$.

No matter which state we are in, the probability of going to the $(1-1-1)$ state is always $\frac{1}{4}$. This means that, after the bell rings 2018 times, regardless of what state the money distribution is in, there is a $\frac{1}{4}$ probability of going to the $(1-1-1)$ state after the 2019th bell ring. Thus, our answer is simply $\boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}$.

Solution 2 (Symmetry)

After the first ring, either nothing changes, or someone has $$2$. No one can have $$3$, since in that hypothetical round, that person would have to give away $$1$. Thus, the outcome is either $1-1-1$ or six symmetrical cases where one person gets $$2$ (e.g. a $1-2-0$ or $2-1-0$ split).


Case 1: Probability of returning to 1-1-1 from 1-1-1

There are two ways for the three people to exchange dollars to get to the same $1-1-1$ result. To see this, seat R, S, and T in a circle. Each person gives their dollar to either the person at left, or at right, to result in again 1 dollar for each person. There are 8 overall possibilities (since each person has 2 choices when giving away his or her dollar, therefore $2^3$ total possibilities). So, there is $1/4$ chance of returning to $1-1-1$.


Case 2: Probability of returning to 1-1-1 from 2-1-0

Without loss of generality, take the $2-1-0$ case. Only 2 people can give money, so there are now $2^2=4$ possible outcomes after the bell rings. It either decomposes back into $1-1-1$, $2-1-0$ (remained unchanged), $2-0-1$, $1-0-2$. Thus, there is a $1/4$ chance of returning to $1-1-1$. Notice that this works for any of the 6 cases, as each is symmetrical to the others.


Answer

Since the starting state has a $1/4$ chance of remaining unchanged, and each of the different 6 symmetric states all also have a $1/4$ chance of reverting back to $1-1-1$, the chance of it being $1-1-1$ after any state is always $\boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}$.

Solution 3

The two possible scenarios are they all have $1$ dollar, or one person has $2$ dollars, another has $1$, and the last has none. We will consider the second scenario all to be the same no matter who has the $2$ dollars, $1$ dollar or $0$ dollars from symmetry.

Let's consider all possible scenarios when the bell rings if they currently all have 1 dollar. \[SRR -> 2, 1, 0\] \[SRS -> 2, 1, 0\] \[STR -> 1, 1, 1\] \[STS -> 2, 1, 0\] \[TRR -> 2, 1, 0\] \[TRS -> 1, 1, 1\] \[TTR -> 2, 1, 0\] \[TTS -> 2, 1, 0\] We see that $\frac{2}{8}$ or $\frac{1}{4}$ of the cases lead to them continuing to all of them having $1$ dollar. Now, let's consider all the possible scenarios when the bell rings if they currently have $2, 1, 0$ dollars. Without loss of generality, let's say that R and S have $2$ and $1$ dollar respectively. (We can switch the names, our answer won't change). \[SR -> 2, 1, 0\] \[ST -> 1, 1, 1\] \[TR -> 2, 1, 0\] \[TT -> 2, 1, 0\] We see that $\frac{1}{4}$ of the cases lead to them changing to all have $1$ dollar.

So, no matter what was the scenario when the bell had been rung $2018$ times, when the bell is rung the $2019$th time, there is always a $\frac{1}{4}$ chance that it will turn into (or stay as) $(1, 1, 1)$

Solution 4 (Markov Chain)

Let the state $(1-1-1)$ be $A$, and state $(2-1-0)$ without considering the order be $B$. Similar to the previous $3$ solutions, after a bell ring, the probability of state $A$ staying in state $A$ is $\frac{1}{4}$, that of state $A$ transiting to state $B$ is $\frac{3}{4}$, that of state $B$ staying in state $B$ is $\frac{3}{4}$, that of state $B$ transiting to state $A$ is $\frac{1}{4}$. Using a Markov Chain, the state transition diagram is shown below.

MarkovChain.png

\begin{align} P_A &= P_A \cdot \frac{1}{4} + P_B \cdot \frac{1}{4} \\ P_B &= P_A \cdot \frac{3}{4} + P_B \cdot \frac{3}{4} \\ &P_A + P_B = 1 \end{align}

$(1)$ and $(2)$ are equivalent, from $(1)$ or $(2)$, we get $P_B = 3P_A$. Solving the system of equations, we get $P_A = \boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}$

Note: the number of bell rings doesn't matter, $2019$ is redundant.

~isabelchen

Note 2: You can see that the number of bell rings doesn't matter through working state-by-state.

After 1 ring, the probability of state $(1-1-1)$ is $1/4$ and the probability of state $(2-1-0)$ is $3/4.$

Another iteration and you have the probability of state $(1-1-1)$ to be \[\frac14 \cdot (1-1-1)_1 + \frac14 \cdot (2-1-0)_1 = 1/4 \cdot 1/4 + 3/4 \cdot 1/4 = \frac14\] and the probability of state $(2-1-0)$ to be \[3/4 \cdot 3/4 + 3/4 \cdot 1/4 = \frac34.\]

~mathboy282

Solution 5 (Risky Guessing)

This works if one is short on time. Looking at how simple answer choices are, it seems like the number of bell rings is extra information (the other solutions show that this is true). So, we assume that the probability will be the same no matter how many times the bell rings, and we calculate it for $1$ bell ring. Each person can give their dollar to $2$ other people, so there are $2^3=8$ ways to switch up the money. Out of these $8$ ways, $2! = 2$ of them leave everyone with a dollar again, so our probability is $\tfrac{2}{8} = \boxed{\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4}}$.

Video Solution by OmegaLearn

https://youtu.be/rLAcJe3o-uA?t=1086

~ pi_is_3.14

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/XT440PjAFmQ

See Also

2019 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 21 		Followed by
Problem 23
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All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions
2019 AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 18 		Followed by
Problem 20
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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