Difference between revisions of "Heron's Formula"

Latest revision as of 22:45, 6 October 2024

Heron's Formula (sometimes called Hero's formula) is a formula for finding the area of a triangle given only the three side lengths.

Theorem

For any triangle with side lengths ${a}, {b}, {c}$ , the area ${A}$ can be found using the following formula:

$A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$

where the semi-perimeter $s=\frac{a+b+c}{2}$ .

Proof

Using basic Trigonometry, we have $[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sin C,$ which simplifies to $[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\cos^2 C}.$

The Law of Cosines states that in triangle $ABC$ , $c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C$ , which can be written as $\cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab}$ . Thus, $[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}\right)^2}.$

Now, we can simplify: $[ABC]=\sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}\left[1-\frac{(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{4a^2b^2}\right]}$

$=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2b^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{16}}$

$=\sqrt{\frac{(2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)}{16}}$

$=\sqrt{\frac{((a+b)^2-c^2)(c^2-(a-b)^2)}{16}}$

$=\sqrt{\frac{(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)(a+c-b)}{16}}$

$=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$

Isosceles Triangle Simplification

$A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$ for all triangles

$b=c$ for all isosceles triangles

$A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-b)}$ simplifies to $A=(s-b)\sqrt{s(s-a)}$

Square root simplification/modification

From $A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$ We can "take out" the $1/2$ in each $s$ , then we have $A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(a+b+c)(-a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)}$ Using the difference of squares on the first two and last two factors, we get $A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(b^2+2bc+c^2-a^2)(a^2-b^2+2bc-c^2)}$ and using the difference of squares again, we get $A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc)^2-(-a^2+b^2+c^2)^2}$ From this equation (although seemingly not symmetrical), it is much easier to calculate the area of a certain triangle with side lengths with quantities with square roots. One can remember this formula by noticing that when finding the cosine of an angle in a triangle, the formula is $\cos{A}=\frac{-a^2+b^2+c^2}{2bc}$ and the two terms in the formula are just the denominator and numerator of the fraction for $\cos{A}$ , only they're squared. This can also serve as a reason for why the area $A$ is never imaginary. This is equivalent of ending at step $4$ in the proof and distributing.

Note

Replacing $-a^2+b^2+c^2$ as $2bc\cos{A}$ , the area simplifies down to $\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc\sin{A})^2}$ , or $\frac{1}{4}\cdot2bc\sin{A}$ , or $\frac{1}{2}bc\sin{A}$ , another common area formula for the triangle.

Example

Let's say that you have a right triangle with the sides $3$ , $4$ , and $5$ . Your semi- perimeter would be $6$ since $(3+4+5)$ ÷ $2$ is $6$ . Then you have $6-3=3$ , $6-4=2$ , $6-5=1$ . $1\cdot 2\cdot 3=6.$ $6\cdot 6 = 36$ The square root of $36$ is $6$ . The area of your triangle is $6$ .

External Links

In general, it is a good advice not to use Heron's formula in computer programs whenever we can avoid it. For example, whenever vertex coordinates are known, vector product is a much better alternative. Main reasons:

Computing the square root is much slower than multiplication.
For triangles with area close to zero Heron's formula computed using floating point variables suffers from precision problems.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 where the [[semi-perimeter]] <math>s=\frac{a+b+c}{2}</math>.
+== Proof ==
+Using basic [[Trigonometry]], we have
+<cmath>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sin C, </cmath>
+which simplifies to
+<cmath>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\cos^2 C}.</cmath>
+The [[Law of Cosines]] states that in triangle <math>ABC</math>, <math>c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C</math>, which can be written as <math>\cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab}</math>. Thus,
+<math>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}\right)^2}.</math>
+Now, we can simplify:
+<cmath>[ABC]=\sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}\left[1-\frac{(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{4a^2b^2}\right]}</cmath>
-== Proof ==
+<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2b^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{16}}</cmath>
+<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{(2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)}{16}}</cmath>
+<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{((a+b)^2-c^2)(c^2-(a-b)^2)}{16}}</cmath>
-<math>[ABC]=\frac{ab}{2}\sin C</math>
+<cmath>=\sqrt{\frac{(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)(a+c-b)}{16}}</cmath>
-<math>=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\cos^2 C}</math>
+<cmath>=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</cmath>
-<math>=\frac{ab}{2}\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}\right)^2}</math>
+==Isosceles Triangle Simplification==
-<math>=\sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}\left[1-\frac{(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{4a^2b^2}\right]}</math>
+<math>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</math> for all triangles
-<math>=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2b^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2)^2}{16}}</math>
+<math>b=c</math> for all isosceles triangles
-<math>=\sqrt{\frac{(2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)}{16}}</math>
+<math>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-b)}</math> simplifies to <math>A=(s-b)\sqrt{s(s-a)}</math>
-<math>=\sqrt{\frac{((a+b)^2-c^2)(c^2-(a-b)^2)}{16}}</math>
+==Square root simplification/modification==
+From <cmath>A=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</cmath> We can "take out" the <math>1/2</math> in each <math>s</math>, then we have <cmath>A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(a+b+c)(-a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)}</cmath>Using the [[difference of squares]] on the first two and last two factors, we get <cmath>A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(b^2+2bc+c^2-a^2)(a^2-b^2+2bc-c^2)}</cmath>and using the difference of squares again, we get <cmath>A=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc)^2-(-a^2+b^2+c^2)^2}</cmath> From this equation (although seemingly not symmetrical), it is much easier to calculate the area of a certain triangle with side lengths with quantities with square roots. One can remember this formula by noticing that when finding the cosine of an angle in a triangle, the formula is <cmath>\cos{A}=\frac{-a^2+b^2+c^2}{2bc}</cmath> and the two terms in the formula are just the [[denominator]] and [[numerator]] of the fraction for <math>\cos{A}</math>, only they're squared. This can also serve as a reason for why the area <math>A</math> is never imaginary. This is equivalent of ending at step <math>4</math> in the proof and distributing.
-<math>=\sqrt{\frac{(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)(a+c-b)}{16}}</math>
+===Note===
+Replacing <math>-a^2+b^2+c^2</math> as <math>2bc\cos{A}</math>, the area simplifies down to <math>\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{(2bc\sin{A})^2}</math>, or <math>\frac{1}{4}\cdot2bc\sin{A}</math>, or <math>\frac{1}{2}bc\sin{A}</math>, another common area formula for the triangle.
-<math>=\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}</math>
+==Example==
+Let's say that you have a right triangle with the sides <math>3</math> ,<math>4</math> , and <math>5</math>. Your semi- perimeter would be <math>6</math> since <math>(3+4+5)</math> ÷ <math>2</math> is <math>6</math>.
+Then you have <math>6-3=3</math>, <math>6-4=2</math>, <math>6-5=1</math>.
+<math>1\cdot 2\cdot 3=6.</math>
+<math> 6\cdot 6 = 36</math>
+The square root of <math>36</math> is <math>6</math>. The area of your triangle is <math>6</math>.
 == See Also ==
 * [[Brahmagupta's formula]]
 * [[Geometry]]
+== External Links ==
+* [http://www.scriptspedia.org/Heron%27s_Formula Heron's formula implementations in C++, Java and PHP]
+* [http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Resources/Papers/Heron.pdf Proof of Heron's Formula Using Complex Numbers]
+In general, it is a good advice <b>not</b> to use Heron's formula in computer programs whenever we can avoid it. For example, whenever vertex coordinates are known, vector product is a much better alternative. Main reasons:
+* Computing the square root is much slower than multiplication.
+* For triangles with area close to zero Heron's formula computed using floating point variables suffers from precision problems.
 [[Category:Geometry]]
 [[Category:Theorems]]

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