Difference between revisions of "2008 AIME I Problems/Problem 13"

Latest revision as of 23:07, 10 April 2024

Problem

Let

$p(x,y) = a_0 + a_1x + a_2y + a_3x^2 + a_4xy + a_5y^2 + a_6x^3 + a_7x^2y + a_8xy^2 + a_9y^3.$

Suppose that

$p(0,0) = p(1,0) = p( - 1,0) = p(0,1) = p(0, - 1)\\ = p(1,1) = p(1, - 1) = p(2,2) = 0.$

There is a point $\left(\frac {a}{c},\frac {b}{c}\right)$ for which $p\left(\frac {a}{c},\frac {b}{c}\right) = 0$ for all such polynomials, where $a$ , $b$ , and $c$ are positive integers, $a$ and $c$ are relatively prime, and $c > 1$ . Find $a + b + c$ .

Solution

Solution 1

$\begin{align*} p(0,0) &= a_0 \\ &= 0 \\ p(1,0) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_3 + a_6 \\ &= a_1 + a_3 + a_6 \\ &= 0 \\ p(-1,0) &= -a_1 + a_3 - a_6 \\ &= 0 \end{align*}$

Adding the above two equations gives $a_3 = 0$ , and so we can deduce that $a_6 = -a_1$ .

Similarly, plugging in $(0,1)$ and $(0,-1)$ gives $a_5 = 0$ and $a_9 = -a_2$ . Now, $\begin{align*} p(1,1) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7 + a_8 + a_9 \\ &= 0 + a_1 + a_2 + 0 + a_4 + 0 - a_1 + a_7 + a_8 - a_2 \\ &= a_4 + a_7 + a_8 \\ &= 0 \\ p(1,-1) &= a_0 + a_1 - a_2 + 0 - a_4 + 0 - a_1 - a_7 + a_8 + a_2 \\ &= -a_4 - a_7 + a_8 \\ &= 0 \end{align*}$ Therefore $a_8 = 0$ and $a_7 = -a_4$ . Finally, $\begin{align*} p(2,2) &= 0 + 2a_1 + 2a_2 + 0 + 4a_4 + 0 - 8a_1 - 8a_4 +0 - 8a_2 \\ &= -6 a_1 - 6 a_2 - 4 a_4 \\ &= 0 \end{align*}$ So, $3a_1 + 3a_2 + 2a_4 = 0$ , or equivalently $a_4 = -\frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}$ .

Substituting these equations into the original polynomial $p$ , we find that at $\left(\frac{a}{c}, \frac{b}{c}\right)$ , $a_1x + a_2y + a_4xy - a_1x^3 - a_4x^2y - a_2y^3 = 0 \iff$ $a_1x + a_2y - \frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}xy - a_1x^3 + \frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}x^2y - a_2y^3 = 0 \iff$ $a_1x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) + a_2y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0$ . The remaining coefficients $a_1$ and $a_2$ are now completely arbitrary because the original equations impose no more restrictions on them. Hence, for the final equation to hold for all possible $p$ , we must have $x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) = y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0$ .

As the answer format implies that the $x$ -coordinate of the root is non-integral, $x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) = 0 \iff x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y = 0 \iff y = \frac{2}{3}(x + 1)\ (1)$ . The format also implies that $y$ is positive, so $y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0 \iff y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1) = 0\ (2)$ . Substituting $(1)$ into $(2)$ and reducing to a quadratic yields $(19x - 5)(x - 2) = 0$ , in which the only non-integral root is $x = \frac{5}{19}$ , so $y = \frac{16}{19}$ .

The answer is $5 + 16 + 19 = \boxed{040}$ .

$[asy] unitsize(1.2 cm); real upperhyper (real x) { return(sqrt((3*x^2 - 3*x + 2)/2)); } real lowerhyper (real x) { return(-sqrt((3*x^2 - 3*x + 2)/2)); } int i; for (i = -3; i <= 3; ++i) { draw((-3,i)--(3,i),gray(0.7)); draw((i,-3)--(i,3),gray(0.7)); } draw((0,-3)--(0,3),red); draw((1,-3)--(1,3),red); draw((-3,-4/3)--(3,8/3),red); draw((-3,0)--(3,0),blue); draw(graph(upperhyper,-1.863,2.863),blue); draw(graph(lowerhyper,-1.836,2.863),blue); dot("$(0,0)$", (0,0), NE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(1,0)$", (1,0), NE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(-1,0)$", (-1,0), NW, fontsize(8)); dot("$(0,1)$", (0,1), SW, fontsize(8)); dot("$(0,-1)$", (0,-1), NW, fontsize(8)); dot("$(1,1)$", (1,1), SE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(1,-1)$", (1,-1), NE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(2,2)$", (2,2), SE, fontsize(8)); dot((5/19,16/19), green); [/asy]$

Solution 2

Consider the cross section of $z = p(x, y)$ on the plane $z = 0$ . We realize that we could construct the lines/curves in the cross section such that their equations multiply to match the form of $p(x, y)$ (same degree of $x$ and $y$ in terms) and they include the eight given points. One simple way to do this would be to use the equations $x = 0$ , $x = 1$ , and $y = \frac{2}{3}x + \frac{2}{3}$ , giving us

$p_1(x, y) = x\left(x - 1\right)\left( \frac{2}{3}x - y + \frac{2}{3}\right) = \frac{2}{3}x + xy + \frac{2}{3}x^3-x^2y$ .

Another way to do this would to use the line $y = x$ and the ellipse, $x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1$ . This would give

$p_2(x, y) = \left(x - y\right)\left(x^2 + xy + y^2 - 1\right) = -x + y + x^3 - y^3$ . (But

(Another way would be to use the hyperbola from Solution 1. Interesting that different curves both work.)

At this point, we consider that $p_1$ and $p_2$ both must have $\left(\frac{a}{c}, \frac{b}{c}\right)$ as a zero. A quick graph of the 4 lines and the ellipse used to create $p_1$ and $p_2$ gives nine intersection points. Eight of them are the given ones, and the ninth is $\left(\frac{5}{9}, \frac{16}{9}\right)$ . The last intersection point can be found by finding the intersection points of $y = \frac{2}{3}x + \frac{2}{3}$ and $x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1$ . Finally, just add the values of $a$ , $b$ , and $c$ to get $5 + 16 + 19 = \boxed{040}$

$[asy] unitsize(1.2 cm); real upperellipse(real x) { return((sqrt(4- 3*x^2 )-x)/2); } real lowerellipse(real x) { return((-sqrt(4- 3*x^2 )-x)/2); } int i; for (i = -3; i <= 3; ++i) { draw((-3,i)--(3,i),gray(0.7)); draw((i,-3)--(i,3),gray(0.7)); } draw((0,-3)--(0,3),red); draw((1,-3)--(1,3),red); draw((-3,-4/3)--(3,8/3),red); draw((-3, -3)--(3,3),blue); draw(graph(upperellipse,-1.1547,1.1547),blue); draw(graph(lowerellipse, -1.1547,1.1547),blue); dot("$(0,0)$", (0,0), NE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(1,0)$", (1,0), NE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(-1,0)$", (-1,0), NW, fontsize(8)); dot("$(0,1)$", (0,1), SW, fontsize(8)); dot("$(0,-1)$", (0,-1), NW, fontsize(8)); dot("$(1,1)$", (1,1), SE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(1,-1)$", (1,-1), NE, fontsize(8)); dot("$(2,2)$", (2,2), SE, fontsize(8)); dot((5/19,16/19), green); [/asy]$

Solution 3 (Ansatz)

We can plug in the values to obtain

$p(0,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_0=0$

$p(1,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_1+a_3+a_6=0$

$p(0,1)=0\Longrightarrow a_2+a_5+a_9=0$

$p(-1,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_1-a_3+a_6=0$

$p(0,-1)=0\Longrightarrow a_2-a-5+a_9=0$

$p(1,1)=0\Longrightarrow a_4+a_7+a_8=0$

$p(1,-1)=0\Longrightarrow a_4+a_7-a_8=0$

$p(2,2)=0\Longrightarrow2a_4=3a_6+3a_9\Leftrightarrow2a_4+3a_1+3a_2=0.$

Now, this means that

$p(x,y)=a_1x+a_2y+a_4xy-a_1x^3+a_7x^2y+a_8xy^2-a_2y^3.$

After some simplifying, we obtain

$p(x,y)=a_1(x-x^3)+a_2(y-y^3)+a_4xy(1-x).$

Since $p(x,y)=0$ , $3a_1+3a_2+2a_4=0,$ and we suspect that:

$x-x^3=y-y^3$

and

$\frac{x-x^3}{xy(1-x)}=\frac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1+x}{y}=\frac{3}{2} \Leftrightarrow\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2x}{3}=y$ .

Plugging this into the first equation, and factoring, and cancelling $(x+1)$ , and simplifying, we get $19x^2 -43x+10=0$ , so we find that $(x,y)=\left(\frac{5}{19},\frac{16}{19}\right)\Longrightarrow a+b+c=5+16+19=\boxed{40}.$

~~pinkpig

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 == Solution ==
+=== Solution 1 ===
 <cmath>\begin{align*}
-p(0,0) &= a_0 = 0\\
+p(0,0) &= a_0 \\
-p(1,0) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_3 + a_6 = a_1 + a_3 + a_6 = 0\\
+&= 0 \\
-p(-1,0) &= -a_1 + a_3 - a_6 = 0\end{align*}</cmath>
+p(1,0) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_3 + a_6 \\
+&= a_1 + a_3 + a_6 \\
+&= 0 \\
+p(-1,0) &= -a_1 + a_3 - a_6 \\
+&= 0
+\end{align*}</cmath>
 Adding the above two equations gives <math>a_3 = 0</math>, and so we can deduce that <math>a_6 = -a_1</math>.
-Similarly, plugging in <math>(0,1)</math> and <math>(0,-1)</math> gives <math>a_5 = 0</math> and <math>a_9 = -a_2</math>.  Now,
+Similarly, plugging in <math>(0,1)</math> and <math>(0,-1)</math> gives <math>a_5 = 0</math> and <math>a_9 = -a_2</math>. Now,
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+p(1,1) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7 + a_8 + a_9 \\
+&= 0 + a_1 + a_2 + 0 + a_4 + 0 - a_1 + a_7 + a_8 - a_2 \\
+&= a_4 + a_7 + a_8 \\
+&= 0 \\
+p(1,-1) &= a_0 + a_1 - a_2 + 0 - a_4 + 0 - a_1 - a_7 + a_8 + a_2 \\
+&= -a_4 - a_7 + a_8 \\
+&= 0
+\end{align*}</cmath>
+Therefore <math>a_8 = 0</math> and <math>a_7 = -a_4</math>. Finally,
+<cmath>\begin{align*}
+p(2,2) &= 0 + 2a_1 + 2a_2 + 0 + 4a_4 + 0 - 8a_1 - 8a_4 +0 - 8a_2 \\
+&= -6 a_1 - 6 a_2 - 4 a_4 \\
+&= 0
+\end{align*}</cmath>
+So, <math>3a_1 + 3a_2 + 2a_4 = 0</math>, or equivalently <math>a_4 = -\frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}</math>.
+Substituting these equations into the original polynomial <math>p</math>, we find that at <math>\left(\frac{a}{c}, \frac{b}{c}\right)</math>,
+<cmath>a_1x + a_2y + a_4xy - a_1x^3 - a_4x^2y - a_2y^3 = 0 \iff</cmath>
+<cmath>a_1x + a_2y - \frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}xy - a_1x^3 + \frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}x^2y - a_2y^3 = 0 \iff</cmath>
+<cmath>a_1x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) + a_2y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0</cmath>.
+The remaining coefficients <math>a_1</math> and <math>a_2</math> are now completely arbitrary because the original equations impose no more restrictions on them. Hence, for the final equation to hold for all possible <math>p</math>, we must have <math>x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) = y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0</math>.
+As the answer format implies that the <math>x</math>-coordinate of the root is non-integral, <math>x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) = 0 \iff x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y = 0 \iff y = \frac{2}{3}(x + 1)\ (1)</math>. The format also implies that <math>y</math> is positive, so <math>y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0 \iff y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1) = 0\ (2)</math>. Substituting <math>(1)</math> into <math>(2)</math> and reducing to a quadratic yields <math>(19x - 5)(x - 2) = 0</math>, in which the only non-integral root is <math>x = \frac{5}{19}</math>, so <math>y = \frac{16}{19}</math>.
+The answer is <math>5 + 16 + 19 = \boxed{040}</math>.
+<asy>
+unitsize(1.2 cm);
+real upperhyper (real x) {
+return(sqrt((3*x^2 - 3*x + 2)/2));
+}
+real lowerhyper (real x) {
+return(-sqrt((3*x^2 - 3*x + 2)/2));
+}
+int i;
+for (i = -3; i <= 3; ++i) {
+draw((-3,i)--(3,i),gray(0.7));
+draw((i,-3)--(i,3),gray(0.7));
+}
+draw((0,-3)--(0,3),red);
+draw((1,-3)--(1,3),red);
+draw((-3,-4/3)--(3,8/3),red);
+draw((-3,0)--(3,0),blue);
+draw(graph(upperhyper,-1.863,2.863),blue);
+draw(graph(lowerhyper,-1.836,2.863),blue);
+dot("$(0,0)$", (0,0), NE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(1,0)$", (1,0), NE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(-1,0)$", (-1,0), NW, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(0,1)$", (0,1), SW, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(0,-1)$", (0,-1), NW, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(1,1)$", (1,1), SE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(1,-1)$", (1,-1), NE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(2,2)$", (2,2), SE, fontsize(8));
+dot((5/19,16/19), green);
+</asy>
+=== Solution 2 ===
+Consider the cross section of <math>z = p(x, y)</math> on the plane <math>z = 0</math>. We realize that we could construct the lines/curves in the cross section such that their equations multiply to match the form of <math>p(x, y)</math> (same degree of <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> in terms) and they include the eight given points. One simple way to do this would be to use the equations <math>x = 0</math>, <math>x = 1</math>, and <math>y = \frac{2}{3}x + \frac{2}{3}</math>, giving us
+<math>p_1(x, y) = x\left(x - 1\right)\left( \frac{2}{3}x - y + \frac{2}{3}\right) = \frac{2}{3}x + xy + \frac{2}{3}x^3-x^2y</math>.
+Another way to do this would to use the line <math>y = x</math> and the ellipse, <math>x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1</math>. This would give
+<math>p_2(x, y) = \left(x - y\right)\left(x^2 + xy + y^2 - 1\right) = -x + y + x^3 - y^3</math>. (But
+(Another way would be to use the hyperbola from Solution 1. Interesting that different curves both work.)
+At this point, we consider that <math>p_1</math> and <math>p_2</math> both must have <math>\left(\frac{a}{c}, \frac{b}{c}\right)</math> as a zero. A quick graph of the 4 lines and the ellipse used to create <math>p_1</math> and <math>p_2</math> gives nine intersection points. Eight of them are the given ones, and the ninth is <math>\left(\frac{5}{9}, \frac{16}{9}\right)</math>. The last intersection point can be found by finding the intersection points of <math>y = \frac{2}{3}x + \frac{2}{3}</math> and <math>x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1</math>.
+Finally, just add the values of <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> to get <math>5 + 16 + 19 = \boxed{040}</math>
+<asy>
+unitsize(1.2 cm);
+real upperellipse(real x) {
+return((sqrt(4- 3*x^2 )-x)/2);
+}
+real lowerellipse(real x) {
+return((-sqrt(4- 3*x^2 )-x)/2);
+}
+int i;
+for (i = -3; i <= 3; ++i) {
+draw((-3,i)--(3,i),gray(0.7));
+draw((i,-3)--(i,3),gray(0.7));
+}
+draw((0,-3)--(0,3),red);
+draw((1,-3)--(1,3),red);
+draw((-3,-4/3)--(3,8/3),red);
+draw((-3, -3)--(3,3),blue);
+draw(graph(upperellipse,-1.1547,1.1547),blue);
+draw(graph(lowerellipse, -1.1547,1.1547),blue);
+dot("$(0,0)$", (0,0), NE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(1,0)$", (1,0), NE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(-1,0)$", (-1,0), NW, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(0,1)$", (0,1), SW, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(0,-1)$", (0,-1), NW, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(1,1)$", (1,1), SE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(1,-1)$", (1,-1), NE, fontsize(8));
+dot("$(2,2)$", (2,2), SE, fontsize(8));
+dot((5/19,16/19), green);
+</asy>
+== Solution 3 (Ansatz) ==
+We can plug in the values to obtain
+<cmath>p(0,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_0=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(1,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_1+a_3+a_6=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(0,1)=0\Longrightarrow a_2+a_5+a_9=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(-1,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_1-a_3+a_6=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(0,-1)=0\Longrightarrow a_2-a-5+a_9=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(1,1)=0\Longrightarrow a_4+a_7+a_8=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(1,-1)=0\Longrightarrow a_4+a_7-a_8=0</cmath>
+<cmath>p(2,2)=0\Longrightarrow2a_4=3a_6+3a_9\Leftrightarrow2a_4+3a_1+3a_2=0.</cmath>
+Now, this means that
+<cmath>p(x,y)=a_1x+a_2y+a_4xy-a_1x^3+a_7x^2y+a_8xy^2-a_2y^3.</cmath>
+After some simplifying, we obtain
+<cmath>p(x,y)=a_1(x-x^3)+a_2(y-y^3)+a_4xy(1-x).</cmath>
+Since <math>p(x,y)=0</math>, <math>3a_1+3a_2+2a_4=0,</math> and we suspect that:
+<cmath>x-x^3=y-y^3</cmath>
-<cmath>\begin{align*}p(1,1) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7 + a_8 + a_9\\
+and
-&= 0 + a_1 + a_2 + 0 + a_4 + 0 - a_1 + a_7 + a_8 - a_2 = a_4 + a_7 + a_8 = 0\\
-p(1,-1) &= a_0 + a_1 - a_2 + 0 - a_4 + 0 - a_1 - a_7 + a_8 + a_2\\ &= -a_4 - a_7 + a_8 = 0\end{align*}</cmath>
-Therefore <math>a_8 = 0</math> and <math>a_7 = -a_4</math>.  Finally
+<cmath>\frac{x-x^3}{xy(1-x)}=\frac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1+x}{y}=\frac{3}{2} \Leftrightarrow\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2x}{3}=y</cmath>.
-<cmath>p(2,2) = 0 + 2a_1 + 2a_2 + 0 + 4a_4 + 0 - 8a_1 - 8a_4 +0 - 8a_2 = -6 a_1 - 6 a_2 - 4 a_4 = 0</cmath>
-So <math>3a_1 + 3a_2 + 2a_4 = 0</math>.
-Now <math>p(x,y) = 0 + x a_1 + y a_2 + 0 + xy a_4 + 0 - x^3 a_1 - x^2 y a_4 + 0 - y^3 a_2</math> <math>= x(1-x)(1+x) a_1 + y(1-y)(1+y) a_2 + xy (1-x) a_4</math>.
+Plugging this into the first equation, and factoring, and cancelling <math>(x+1)</math>, and simplifying, we get <math>19x^2 -43x+10=0</math>, so we find that <math>(x,y)=\left(\frac{5}{19},\frac{16}{19}\right)\Longrightarrow a+b+c=5+16+19=\boxed{40}.</math>
-In order for the above to be zero, we must have
+~~pinkpig
-<cmath>x(1-x)(1+x) = y(1-y)(1+y)</cmath>
-and
-<cmath>x(1-x)(1+x) = 3/2 xy (1-x).</cmath> Canceling terms on the second equation gives us
-<math>1+x = 3/2 y \Longrightarrow x = 3/2 y - 1</math>. Plugging that into the first equation and solving yields <math>x = 5/19, y = 16/19</math>, and <math>5+16+19 = \boxed{040}</math>.
 == See also ==
@@ Line 40: / Line 183: @@
 [[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
+{{MAA Notice}}

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