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Difference between revisions of "2021 WSMO Accuracy Round Problems/Problem 7"

(Created page with "==Problem 7== Find the value of <math>\sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right),</math> where <math>r_i</math> is the remainder when <math>2^i+3^i</math> is divided by 10...")
 
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Find the value of <math>\sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right),</math> where <math>r_i</math> is the remainder when <math>2^i+3^i</math> is divided by 10.
 
Find the value of <math>\sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right),</math> where <math>r_i</math> is the remainder when <math>2^i+3^i</math> is divided by 10.
  
−
==Solution==
+
==Solution 1==
 +
From Fermat's Little Theorem, we find that <math>a^n\pmod{10}</math> is periodic in cycles of 4. This means that <math>a^n\equiv a^{n+4}\pmod{10}</math> for all <math>a,n.</math> Now, we will compute the first 4 values of <math>2^n+3^n\pmod{10}.</math>
 +
\begin{align*}
 +
2^1+3^1\equiv2+3\equiv&\text{ }5\pmod{10}\\
 +
  2^2+3^2\equiv4+9\equiv13\equiv&\text{ }3\pmod{10}\\
 +
2^3+3^3\equiv8+27\equiv35\equiv&\text{ }5\pmod{10}\\
 +
2^4+3^4\equiv16+81\equiv97\equiv&\text{ }7\pmod{10}\\
 +
\end{align*}
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Thus,
 +
\begin{align*}
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2^n+3^n\equiv&\text{ }5\pmod{10}\tag{for <math>n\equiv1,3\pmod{4}</math>}\\
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  2^n+3^n\equiv&\text{ }3\pmod{10}\tag{for <math>n\equiv2\pmod{4}</math>}\\
 +
2^n+3^n\equiv&\text{ }7\pmod{10}\tag{for <math>n\equiv0\pmod{4}</math>}\\ 
 +
\end{align*}
 +
This means that
 +
\begin{align*}
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\sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right)&=\sum_{n=4a,1\leq a\leq25}(20a)+\sum_{n=4a+1,0\leq a\leq24}(20a+5)+\sum_{n=4a+2,0\leq a\leq24}(20a+8)+\sum_{n=4a+3,0\leq a\leq24}(20a+13)\\
 +
    &=\frac{25\cdot26}{2}\cdot20+\left(\frac{24\cdot25}{2}\cdot20+25\cdot5\right)+\left(\frac{24\cdot25}{2}\cdot20+25\cdot8\right)+\left(\frac{24\cdot25}{2}\cdot20+25\cdot13\right)\\
 +
    &=325\cdot20+300\cdot20\cdot3+25\cdot(5+8+13)\\
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    &=6500+6000\cdot3+25\cdot26\\
 +
    &=6500+18000+650\\
 +
    &=\boxed{25150}\\
 +
\end{align*}
 +
~pinkpig
 +
 
 +
==Solution 2==
 
We will begin by examining <math>2^i\text{ (mod }10\text{)}</math> and <math>3^i\text{ (mod }10\text{)}</math>:
 
We will begin by examining <math>2^i\text{ (mod }10\text{)}</math> and <math>3^i\text{ (mod }10\text{)}</math>:
  

Revision as of 10:18, 11 July 2022

Problem 7

Find the value of $\sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right),$ where $r_i$ is the remainder when $2^i+3^i$ is divided by 10.

Solution 1

From Fermat's Little Theorem, we find that $a^n\pmod{10}$ is periodic in cycles of 4. This means that $a^n\equiv a^{n+4}\pmod{10}$ for all $a,n.$ Now, we will compute the first 4 values of $2^n+3^n\pmod{10}.$ \begin{align*} 2^1+3^1\equiv2+3\equiv&\text{ }5\pmod{10}\\ 

  	2^2+3^2\equiv4+9\equiv13\equiv&\text{ }3\pmod{10}\\

2^3+3^3\equiv8+27\equiv35\equiv&\text{ }5\pmod{10}\\ 2^4+3^4\equiv16+81\equiv97\equiv&\text{ }7\pmod{10}\\ \end{align*} Thus, \begin{align*} 2^n+3^n\equiv&\text{ }5\pmod{10}\tag{for $n\equiv1,3\pmod{4}$}\\ 

 	2^n+3^n\equiv&\text{ }3\pmod{10}\tag{for $n\equiv2\pmod{4}$}\\

2^n+3^n\equiv&\text{ }7\pmod{10}\tag{for $n\equiv0\pmod{4}$}\\ \end{align*} This means that \begin{align*} \sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right)&=\sum_{n=4a,1\leq a\leq25}(20a)+\sum_{n=4a+1,0\leq a\leq24}(20a+5)+\sum_{n=4a+2,0\leq a\leq24}(20a+8)+\sum_{n=4a+3,0\leq a\leq24}(20a+13)\\ 

   &=\frac{25\cdot26}{2}\cdot20+\left(\frac{24\cdot25}{2}\cdot20+25\cdot5\right)+\left(\frac{24\cdot25}{2}\cdot20+25\cdot8\right)+\left(\frac{24\cdot25}{2}\cdot20+25\cdot13\right)\\
   &=325\cdot20+300\cdot20\cdot3+25\cdot(5+8+13)\\
   &=6500+6000\cdot3+25\cdot26\\
   &=6500+18000+650\\
   &=\boxed{25150}\\

\end{align*} ~pinkpig

Solution 2

We will begin by examining $2^i\text{ (mod }10\text{)}$ and $3^i\text{ (mod }10\text{)}$:

\[2^1 \equiv 2\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[2^2 \equiv 4\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[2^3 \equiv 8\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[2^4 \equiv 6\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[...\] and \[3^1 \equiv 3\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[3^2 \equiv 9\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[3^3 \equiv 7\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[3^4 \equiv 1\text{ (mod }10\text{)}\] \[...\]

From this, we can note that:

\[r_i = 5 \text{, } i \equiv 1 \text{ (mod }4\text{)}\] \[r_i = 3 \text{, } i \equiv 2 \text{ (mod }4\text{)}\] \[r_i = 5 \text{, } i \equiv 3 \text{ (mod }4\text{)}\] \[r_i = 7 \text{, } i \equiv 0 \text{ (mod }4\text{)}\]

We can simplify our sum as follows:

\[\sum_{n=1}^{100}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}r_i\right)\] \[=100r_1 + 99r_2 + 98r_3 + ... + r_{100}\] \[=(100+96+...+4)r_1 + (99+95+...+3)r_2 + (98+94+...+2)r_3 + (97+93+...+1)r_4\]


Note that $100+96+...+4 = 4(25+24+...+1) = 4(\frac{25 \cdot 26}{2}) = 1300$:

\[=1300r_1 + (1300-25)r_2 + (1300-50)r_3 + (1300-75)r_4\] \[=5(1300) + 3(1275) + 5(1250) + 7(1225)\] \[=\boxed{25150}\]

~BigKahuna227

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