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Difference between revisions of "1988 AIME Problems/Problem 14"

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Given a point <math>P (x,y)</math> on <math>C</math>, we look to find a formula for <math>P' (x', y')</math> on <math>C^*</math>. Both points lie on a line that is [[perpendicular]] to <math>y=2x</math>, so the slope of <math>\overline{PP'}</math> is <math>\frac{-1}{2}</math>. Thus <math>\frac{y' - y}{x' - x} = \frac{-1}{2} \Longrightarrow x' + 2y' = x + 2y</math>. Also, the midpoint of <math>\overline{PP'}</math>, <math>\left(\frac{x + x'}{2}, \frac{y + y'}{2}\right)</math>, lies on the line <math>y = 2x</math>. Therefore <math>\frac{y + y'}{2} = x + x' \Longrightarrow 2x' - y' = y - 2x</math>.
 
Given a point <math>P (x,y)</math> on <math>C</math>, we look to find a formula for <math>P' (x', y')</math> on <math>C^*</math>. Both points lie on a line that is [[perpendicular]] to <math>y=2x</math>, so the slope of <math>\overline{PP'}</math> is <math>\frac{-1}{2}</math>. Thus <math>\frac{y' - y}{x' - x} = \frac{-1}{2} \Longrightarrow x' + 2y' = x + 2y</math>. Also, the midpoint of <math>\overline{PP'}</math>, <math>\left(\frac{x + x'}{2}, \frac{y + y'}{2}\right)</math>, lies on the line <math>y = 2x</math>. Therefore <math>\frac{y + y'}{2} = x + x' \Longrightarrow 2x' - y' = y - 2x</math>.
  
−
Solving these two equations, we find <math>x' = \frac{-3x + 4y}{5}</math> and <math>y' = \frac{4x + 3y}{5}</math>. Substituting these points into the equation of <math>C</math>, we get <math>\frac{(-3x+4y)(4x+3y)}{25}=1</math>, which when expanded becomes <math>12x^2-7xy-12y^2+25=0</math>.
+
Solving these two equations, we find <math>x = \frac{-3x' + 4y'}{5}</math> and <math>y = \frac{4x' + 3y'}{5}</math>. Substituting these points into the equation of <math>C</math>, we get <math>\frac{(-3x'+4y')(4x'+3y')}{25}=1</math>, which when expanded becomes <math>12x'^2-7x'y'-12y'^2+25=0</math>.
  
 
Thus, <math>bc=(-7)(-12)=\boxed{084}</math>.
 
Thus, <math>bc=(-7)(-12)=\boxed{084}</math>.
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== Solution 3 ==
 
== Solution 3 ==
 
The matrix for a reflection about the polar line <math>\theta = \alpha, \alpha+\pi</math> is:
 
The matrix for a reflection about the polar line <math>\theta = \alpha, \alpha+\pi</math> is:
−
<cmath>\[ \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
+
<cmath>\[ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc}
−
\cos(2\alpha) & sin(2\alpha) \\
+
\cos(2\alpha) & \sin(2\alpha) \\
 
\sin(2\alpha) & -\cos(2\alpha)
 
\sin(2\alpha) & -\cos(2\alpha)
−
\end{array} \right)\]</cmath>
+
\end{array} \right] \]</cmath>
 
This is not hard to derive using a basic knowledge of linear transformations. You can refer here for more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix
 
This is not hard to derive using a basic knowledge of linear transformations. You can refer here for more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix
  
−
Let <math>\alpha = \arctan 2</math>. Then <math>2\alpha = \arctan\left(-\frac{4}{3}\right)</math>, so <math>\cos(2\alpha) = -\frac{3}{5}</math> and <math>\sin(2\alpha) = \frac{4}{5}</math>.
+
Let <math>\alpha = \arctan 2</math>. Note that the line of reflection, <math>y = 2x</math>, is the polar line <math>\theta = \alpha, \alpha+\pi</math>. Then <math>2\alpha = \arctan\left(-\frac{4}{3}\right)</math>, so <math>\cos(2\alpha) = -\frac{3}{5}</math> and <math>\sin(2\alpha) = \frac{4}{5}</math>.
−
Therefore, if <math>(x, y)</math> is mapped to <math>(x*, y*)</math> under the reflection, then <math>x* = -\frac{3}{5}x+\frac{4}{5}y</math> and <math>y* = \frac{4}{5}x+\frac{5}{5}y</math>.
 
  
−
The new coordinates <math>(x*, y*)</math> must satisfy <math>x*y* = 1</math>. Therefore,
+
Therefore, if <math>(x', y')</math> is mapped to <math>(x, y)</math> under the reflection, then <math>x = -\frac{3}{5}x'+\frac{4}{5}y'</math> and <math>y = \frac{4}{5}x'+\frac{3}{5}y'</math>. Since the transformation matrix represents a reflection, it must be its own inverse; therefore, <math>x' = -\frac{3}{5}x+\frac{4}{5}y</math> and <math>y' = \frac{4}{5}x+\frac{3}{5}y</math>.
−
<cmath>\left(-\frac{3}{5}x+\frac{4}{5}y)\right)\left(\frac{4}{5}x+\frac{5}{5}y)\right) = 1</cmath>
+
 
 +
The original coordinates <math>(x', y')</math> must satisfy <math>x'y' = 1</math>. Therefore,
 +
<cmath>\left(-\frac{3}{5}x+\frac{4}{5}y\right)\left(\frac{4}{5}x+\frac{5}{5}y\right) = 1</cmath>
 
<cmath>-\frac{12}{25}x^2 + \frac{7}{25}xy + \frac{12}{25}y^2 - 1 = 0</cmath>
 
<cmath>-\frac{12}{25}x^2 + \frac{7}{25}xy + \frac{12}{25}y^2 - 1 = 0</cmath>
 
<cmath>12x^2 - 7xy - 12y^2 + 25 = 0</cmath>
 
<cmath>12x^2 - 7xy - 12y^2 + 25 = 0</cmath>
−
Thus, <math>b = -7</math> and <math>c = -12</math>, so <math>bc = 84</math>. The answer is <math>084</math>.
+
Thus, <math>b = -7</math> and <math>c = -12</math>, so <math>bc = 84</math>. The answer is <math>\boxed{084}</math>.
 +
 
 +
==Solution 4==
 +
Find some simple points on the graph of C, reflect them and note down the new coordinates, and plug 'em into the given equation. After some plugging and chugging and solving the system of equations that follow, we get that  <math>b = -7</math> and <math>c = -12</math>, so <math>bc = 84</math>. The answer is <math>\boxed{084}</math>.
 +
 
 +
pi_is_3.141
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 16:21, 3 May 2021

Problem

Let $C$ be the graph of $xy = 1$, and denote by $C^*$ the reflection of $C$ in the line $y = 2x$. Let the equation of $C^*$ be written in the form

\[12x^2 + bxy + cy^2 + d = 0.\]

Find the product $bc$.

Solution 1

Given a point $P (x,y)$ on $C$, we look to find a formula for $P' (x', y')$ on $C^*$. Both points lie on a line that is perpendicular to $y=2x$, so the slope of $\overline{PP'}$ is $\frac{-1}{2}$. Thus $\frac{y' - y}{x' - x} = \frac{-1}{2} \Longrightarrow x' + 2y' = x + 2y$. Also, the midpoint of $\overline{PP'}$, $\left(\frac{x + x'}{2}, \frac{y + y'}{2}\right)$, lies on the line $y = 2x$. Therefore $\frac{y + y'}{2} = x + x' \Longrightarrow 2x' - y' = y - 2x$.

Solving these two equations, we find $x = \frac{-3x' + 4y'}{5}$ and $y = \frac{4x' + 3y'}{5}$. Substituting these points into the equation of $C$, we get $\frac{(-3x'+4y')(4x'+3y')}{25}=1$, which when expanded becomes $12x'^2-7x'y'-12y'^2+25=0$.

Thus, $bc=(-7)(-12)=\boxed{084}$.

Solution 2

The asymptotes of $C$ are given by $x=0$ and $y=0$. Now if we represent the line $y=2x$ by the complex number $1+2i$, then we find the direction of the reflection of the asymptote $x=0$ by multiplying this by $2-i$, getting $4+3i$. Therefore, the asymptotes of $C^*$ are given by $4y-3x=0$ and $3y+4x=0$.

Now to find the equation of the hyperbola, we multiply the two expressions together to get one side of the equation: $(3x-4y)(4x+3y)=12x^2-7xy-12y^2$. At this point, the right hand side of the equation will be determined by plugging the point $(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\sqrt{2})$, which is unchanged by the reflection, into the expression. But this is not necessary. We see that $b=-7$, $c=-12$, so $bc=\boxed{084}$.


Solution 3

The matrix for a reflection about the polar line $\theta = \alpha, \alpha+\pi$ is: \[ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} \cos(2\alpha) & \sin(2\alpha) \\ \sin(2\alpha) & -\cos(2\alpha) \end{array} \right] \] This is not hard to derive using a basic knowledge of linear transformations. You can refer here for more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix

Let $\alpha = \arctan 2$. Note that the line of reflection, $y = 2x$, is the polar line $\theta = \alpha, \alpha+\pi$. Then $2\alpha = \arctan\left(-\frac{4}{3}\right)$, so $\cos(2\alpha) = -\frac{3}{5}$ and $\sin(2\alpha) = \frac{4}{5}$.

Therefore, if $(x', y')$ is mapped to $(x, y)$ under the reflection, then $x = -\frac{3}{5}x'+\frac{4}{5}y'$ and $y = \frac{4}{5}x'+\frac{3}{5}y'$. Since the transformation matrix represents a reflection, it must be its own inverse; therefore, $x' = -\frac{3}{5}x+\frac{4}{5}y$ and $y' = \frac{4}{5}x+\frac{3}{5}y$.

The original coordinates $(x', y')$ must satisfy $x'y' = 1$. Therefore, \[\left(-\frac{3}{5}x+\frac{4}{5}y\right)\left(\frac{4}{5}x+\frac{5}{5}y\right) = 1\] \[-\frac{12}{25}x^2 + \frac{7}{25}xy + \frac{12}{25}y^2 - 1 = 0\] \[12x^2 - 7xy - 12y^2 + 25 = 0\] Thus, $b = -7$ and $c = -12$, so $bc = 84$. The answer is $\boxed{084}$.

Solution 4

Find some simple points on the graph of C, reflect them and note down the new coordinates, and plug 'em into the given equation. After some plugging and chugging and solving the system of equations that follow, we get that $b = -7$ and $c = -12$, so $bc = 84$. The answer is $\boxed{084}$.

pi_is_3.141

See also

1988 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 13 		Followed by
Problem 15
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