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Difference between revisions of "2021 AIME I Problems/Problem 7"

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Now all we have to do is multiply by <math>2^p</math> to get back to <math>m</math> and <math>n</math>. Let’s organize the solutions in a table with increasing values of <math>p</math>, keeping in mind that <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are bounded between 1 and 30.
 
Now all we have to do is multiply by <math>2^p</math> to get back to <math>m</math> and <math>n</math>. Let’s organize the solutions in a table with increasing values of <math>p</math>, keeping in mind that <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are bounded between 1 and 30.
  
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p & Possible Solutions For <math>m, n</math> With First Linear Congruence & Possible Solutions For      <math>m, n</math> With Second Linear Congruence \\[0.5ex]
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p & Possible Solutions For <math>m, n</math> With First Linear Congruence & Possible Solutions For      <math>m, n</math> With Second Linear Congruence \\[0.5ex]
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0 & <math>\{1, 5, 9, \cdots, 29\}</math> & <math>\{3, 7, 11, \cdots, 27\}</math> \\
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0 & <math>\{1, 5, 9, \cdots, 29\}</math> & <math>\{3, 7, 11, \cdots, 27\}</math> \\
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1 & <math>\{2, 10, 18, 26\}</math> & <math>\{6, 14, 22, 30\}</math> \\
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1 & <math>\{2, 10, 18, 26\}</math> & <math>\{6, 14, 22, 30\}</math> \\
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2 & <math>\{4, 20\}</math> & <math>\{12, 28\}</math> \\ [1ex]
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2 & <math>\{4, 20\}</math> & <math>\{12, 28\}</math> \\ [1ex]
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Revision as of 04:08, 13 March 2021

Problem

Find the number of pairs $(m,n)$ of positive integers with $1\le m<n\le 30$ such that there exists a real number $x$ satisfying\[\sin(mx)+\sin(nx)=2.\]

Solution 1

The maximum value of $\sin \theta$ is $1$, which is achieved at $\theta = \frac{\pi}{2}+2k\pi$ for some integer $k$. This is left as an exercise to the reader.

This implies that $\sin(mx) = \sin(nx) = 1$, and that $mx = \frac{\pi}{2}+2a\pi$ and $nx = \frac{\pi}{2}+2b\pi$, for integers $a, b$.

Taking their ratio, we have \[\frac{mx}{nx} = \frac{\frac{\pi}{2}+2a\pi}{\frac{\pi}{2}+2b\pi} \implies \frac{m}{n} = \frac{4a + 1}{4b + 1} \implies \frac{m}{4a + 1} = \frac{n}{4b + 1} = k.\] It remains to find all $m, n$ that satisfy this equation.

If $k = 1$, then $m \equiv n \equiv 1 \pmod 4$. This corresponds to choosing two elements from the set $\{1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29\}$. There are $\binom 82$ ways to do so.

If $k < 1$, by multiplying $m$ and $n$ by the same constant $c = \frac{1}{k}$, we have that $mc \equiv nc \equiv 1 \pmod 4$. Then either $m \equiv n \equiv 1 \pmod 4$, or $m \equiv n \equiv 3 \pmod 4$. But the first case was already counted, so we don't need to consider that case. The other case corresponds to choosing two numbers from the set $\{3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27\}$. There are $\binom 72$ ways here.

Finally, if $k > 1$, note that $k$ must be an integer. This means that $m, n$ belong to the set $\{k, 5k, 9k, \dots\}$, or $\{3k, 7k, 11k, \dots\}$. Taking casework on $k$, we get the sets $\{2, 10, 18, 26\}, \{6, 14, 22, 30\}, \{4, 20\}, \{12, 28\}$. Some sets have been omitted; this is because they were counted in the other cases already. This sums to $\binom 42 + \binom 42 + \binom 22 + \binom 22$.

In total, there are $\binom 82 + \binom 72 + \binom 42 + \binom 42 + \binom 22 + \binom 22 = \boxed{63}$ pairs of $(m, n)$.

This solution was brought to you by ~Leonard_my_dude~

Solution 2

In order for $\sin(mx) + \sin(nx) = 2$, $\sin(mx) = \sin(nx) = 1$.

This happens when $mx \equiv nx \equiv \frac{\pi}{2} ($mod $2\pi).$

This means that $mx = \frac{\pi}{2} + 2\pi\alpha$ and $nx = \frac{\pi}{2} + 2\pi\beta$ for any integers $\alpha$ and $\beta$.

As in Solution 1, take the ratio of the two equations: \[\frac{mx}{nx} = \frac{\frac{\pi}{2}+2\pi\alpha}{\frac{\pi}{2}+2\pi\beta} \implies \frac{m}{n} = \frac{\frac{1}{2}+2\alpha}{\frac{1}{2}+2\beta} \implies \frac{m}{n} = \frac{4\alpha+1}{4\beta+1}\]

Now notice that the numerator and denominator of $\frac{4\alpha+1}{4\beta+1}$ are both odd, which means that $m$ and $n$ have the same power of two (the powers of 2 cancel out).

Let the common power be $p$: then $m = 2^p\cdot a$, and $n = 2^p\cdot b$ where $a$ and $b$ are integers between 1 and 30.

We can now rewrite the equation: \[\frac{2^p\cdot a}{2^p\cdot b} = \frac{4\alpha+1}{4\beta+1} \implies \frac{a}{b} = \frac{4\alpha+1}{4\beta+1}\]

Now it is easy to tell that $a \equiv 1 ($mod $4)$ and $b \equiv 1 ($mod $4)$. However, there is another case: that

$a \equiv 3 ($mod $4)$ and $b \equiv 3 ($mod $4)$. This is because multiplying both $a$ and $b$ by $-1$ will not change the fraction, but each congruence will be changed to $-1 ($mod $4) \equiv 3 ($mod $4)$.

From the first set of congruences, we find that $a$ and $b$ can be two of $\{1, 5, 9, \cdots, 29\}$.

From the second set of congruences, we find that $a$ and $b$ can be two of $\{3, 7, 11, \cdots, 27\}$.

Now all we have to do is multiply by $2^p$ to get back to $m$ and $n$. Let’s organize the solutions in a table with increasing values of $p$, keeping in mind that $m$ and $n$ are bounded between 1 and 30.

\begin{center} \begin{tabular}{||ccc||} \hline p & Possible Solutions For $m, n$ With First Linear Congruence & Possible Solutions For $m, n$ With Second Linear Congruence \\[0.5ex] \hline\hline 0 & $\{1, 5, 9, \cdots, 29\}$ & $\{3, 7, 11, \cdots, 27\}$ \\ \hline 1 & $\{2, 10, 18, 26\}$ & $\{6, 14, 22, 30\}$ \\ \hline 2 & $\{4, 20\}$ & $\{12, 28\}$ \\ [1ex] \hline \end{tabular} \end{center}


I WILL FINISH THE SOLUTION SOON, PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS BEFORE THEN, THANK YOU!

-KingRavi

See also

2021 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 6 		Followed by
Problem 8
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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