Revision as of 13:28, 19 June 2019

What is the definition of Pure Mathematics?

Oh, easy you say it is just the study of numbers.

That may be true for some areas of math. However, what about geometry, trigonometry, and calculus? And what is the definition of numbers? Now you go to the dictionary and say The relationship between measurements and quantities using numbers and symbols. This is, however, not fully true because this definition also uses applied mathematics. We want pure mathematics.

Also, most of these definitions miss one area of math. Chaos Theory. What is Chaos Theory? Chaos Theory is a recently discovered area of math where nothing can be predicted but nothing is random. We are only at the beginning of learning it. For example can a butterfly that flaps his wings is brazil trigger a tornado in Texas?

Some definitions hit almost all the areas of math, but some are too broad and logic often fits into the definition.

We can, however, define some areas of math but not the whole thing. For example, the definition of geometry is Geometry is concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogs. Or the definition of probability is the extent to which an event is likely to occur.

Arithmetic

Definition

The branch of mathematics dealing with the properties and manipulation of constants.

Operations

Arithmetic starts with one thing which without it no arithmetic can survive: Counting Positive Integers. 1,2,3,4,5...

Addition and addition repeated

Addition is combining these integers. $a+b=b+a$

Multiplication is repeating addition. $ab=ba$

Exponentiation is repeated Multiplication. $a^b \neq b^a$ .

Inverse

Subtraction is the inverse of addition. Here, negitive numbers and zero come in.

Division is the inverse of multiplication. Here, non-integer fractions comes in.

n roots are the inverse of exponentiation. Here, irrational numbers come in.

Negitive numbers

$a$ and $b$ are positive.

1. $(-a)(-b)=ab$

2. $(a)(-b)=-ab$

Proof for 1: This is, in fact, the reason why the negative numbers were introduced: so that each positive number would have an additive inverse. ... The fact that the product of two negatives is positive is therefore related to the fact that the inverse of the inverse of a positive number is that positive number back again.

Proof for 2: Since ab is repeated addition then $(a)(-b)$ is repeated subtraction. Therefore it is negative.

Fractions

A fraction a number that can be expressed as two numbers divided. For example, five divided by four is $\frac{5}{4}$ .

Simplifing fractions

Find commom factors in each half of the fration and then divide top and bottam of the fraction by that factor.

$\frac{10}{5}=\frac{1}{2}$

$\frac{15}{3}=\frac{5}{1}$

$\frac{28}{2}=\frac{14}{1}$

Adding frations

Here is how you add fractions. Is they have the same bottom half then $\frac{a}{b}+\frac{c}{b}=\frac{a+b}{c}$ . However, if the two or three or n frations do not have the same bottom half you make them. $\frac{a}{b}+\frac{c}{d}=\frac{bd}{ad+bc}$ . Subtracting frations is the same exept everything has a minus symbol. Remember to fully simplify.

Multilpying fractions

$\frac{a}{b}\frac{c}{d}=\frac{ac}{bd}$ .

$\frac{\frac{a}{b}}{\frac{c}{d}}=\frac{ad}{bc}$ .

Remember to fully simplify.

Irrational numbers

Most sqrare roots are irrational. An irrational number is a number that can not be expresed a a fraction.

Proof that any nonperfect square positive integer is irrational

Let us assume that $\sqrt{n}$ is rational where $n$ is a nonperfect square positive integer. Then it can be written as $\frac{p}{q}=\sqrt{n} \Rightarrow \frac{p^2}{q^2}=n \Rightarrow (q^2)n=p^2$ . But no perfect square times a nonperfect square positive integer is a perfect square. Therefore $\sqrt{n}$ is irrational.

pi and e

Sum irrational numbers are limits. That means they are the sum of smaller and smaller fraction going infinitely long. Pi or $\pi$ (go to the geometry part of this article) is the limit $\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}...=\frac{\pi}{4}$ . e is the limit $\frac{1}{0!}+\frac{1}{1!}+\frac{1}{2!}... More at the counting part of the article.

Exponent rules

Listed below are some important properties of exponents:

$b^x\cdot b^y = b^{x+y}$
$b^{-x}=\frac 1{b^x}$
$\frac{b^x}{b^y}=b^{x-y}$
$(b^x)^y = b^{xy}$
$(ab)^x = a^x b^x$
$b^0 = 1$ (if $b \neq 0$ . $0^0$ is undefined.)

Here are explanations of the properties listed above:

On both sides, we are multiplying b together x+y times. Thus, they are equivalent.
This is described in the previous section.
This results from using the previous two properties.
We are multiplying $b^x$ by itself y times, which is the same as multiplying b by itself xy times.
After multiplying ab by itself x times, we can collect a and b terms, thus establishing the property.
Hoping that property #1 will be true when $y=0$ , we see that $b^x\cdot b^0$ should (hopefully) be equal to $b^x$ . Thus, we define $b^0$ to be equal to $1$ in order to make this be true.

Negitive numbers

$a$ and $b$ are positive.

1. $(-a)(-b)=ab$

2. $(a)(-b)=-ab$

Proof for 1: This is, in fact, the reason why the negative numbers were introduced: so that each positive number would have an additive inverse. ... The fact that the product of two negatives is positive is therefore related to the fact that the inverse of the inverse of a positive number is that positive number back again.

Proof for 2: Since ab is repeated addition then $(a)(-b)$ is repeated subtraction. Therefore it is negative.

Algebra

One-variable linear equations

Definition

'A One-variable linear equation is an equation that comes in the form $ax+b=c$ . $a$ , $b$ , and $c$ are constants and $x$ is the varible'.

The answer is always...

$ax+b=c$

$ax=c-b$

$x=\frac{c-b}{a}$

When there are fractions in the equation, you multiply both sides by the LMC of the fractions and then you solve. More at the number theory part of this article.

Quadratics

Defination

A quadratic equation is an equation of the second degree, meaning it contains at least one term that is squared. The standard form is $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$ with $a$ , $b$ , and $c$ being constants, or numerical coefficients, and $x$ is an unknown variable.

The answer is always...

$ax^2+bx+c=0$

$x^2+\frac{b}{a}x+\frac{c}{a}$

$x^2+\frac{b}{a}=0-\frac{c}{a}$

$x^2+\frac{b}{a}+(\frac{b}{2a})^2=0-\frac{c}{a}+(\frac{b}{2a})^2$

Since the left side of the equation right above is a perfect square, you can factor the left side by using the coefficient of the first term (x) and the base of the last term(b/2a). Add these two and raise everything to the second.

$(x+\frac{b}{2a})^2=0-\frac{c}{a}+\frac{b^2}{2a^2}=\frac{b^2-4ac}{4a^2}$

$x+\frac{b}{2a}=\frac{\sqrt{\pm b^2-4ac}}{\pm 2a}$

$x=\frac{\sqrt{\pm b^2-4ac}}{\pm 2a}+\frac{b}{2a}$

I am assuming you simplified it on your own.

i

$i=\sqrt{-1}$ .

$xi=\sqrt{-x^2}$ .

Numbers like this are called imaginary numbers. Impossible, you say. But no. Solve $x^2+1=0$ . You get $i$ . $oi$ is $o$ . So zero is both real and imaginary. (real means not imaginary)

Powers of i

$i^0=1$ $i^1=i$ $i^2=-1$ $i^3=-i$ $i^4=1$ $i^5=i$ $i^6=-1$ $i^7=-i$

The pattern repeats.

Complex numbers

A complex number is $ai+b$ , where a and b are real. All numbers are complex becuase a and/or/never b can be zero.

$ai+b+ci+d=$ Complex

$(ai+b)(ci+d)=$ Complex

$\frac{ai+b}{ci+d}=$ Complex

$(ai+b)-(ci+d)=$ Complex

Systems of equations

A system of equations is a set of equations which share the same variables. An example of a system of equations is

$2a - 3b$	$= 4$
$3a - 2b$	$= 3$

Solving Linear Systems

A system of linear equations is where all of the variables are to the power 1. There are three elementary ways to solve a system of linear equations.

Gaussian Elimination

Gaussian elimination involves eliminating variables from the system by adding constant multiples of two or more of the equations together. Let's look at an example:

Problem

Find the ordered pair $(x,y)$ for which

$x - 12y$	$= 2$
$3x + 6y$	$= 6$

Solution

We can eliminate $y$ by adding twice the second equation to the first:

	$x - 12y= 2$
$+2($	$3x + 6y = 6)$
	$\overline{7x + 0=14}$

Thus $x=2$ . We can then plug in for $x$ in either of the equations:

$(2)-12y = 2 \Rightarrow y = 0$ .

Thus, the solution to the system is $(2,0)$ .

Substitution

The second method, substitution, requires solving for a variable and then plugging that variable into another equation therefore reducing the number of variables. We'll show how to solve the same problem from the elimination section using substitution.

Problem

Find the ordered pair $(x,y)$ for which

$x - 12y$	$= 2$
$3x + 6y$	$= 6$

Solution

The first equation can be solved for $x$ :

$x = 12y + 2.$

Plugging this into the second equation yields

$3(12y + 2) + 6y = 6 \Leftrightarrow 42 y = 0.$

Thus $y=0$ . Plugging this into either of the equations and solving for $x$ yields $x=2$ .

Algebra

There are many more types of algebra: inequalities, polynomials, graphing equations, arithmetic, and geometric sequence.

Algebra is a broad and diverse area of math in which this is just a short introduction.

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 ===== pi and e =====
-Sum irrational numbers are limits. That means they are the sum of smaller and smaller fraction going infinitely long. Pi or <math>\pi</math> (go to the geometry part of this article) is the limit <math>\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}...=\frac{\pi}{4}</math>. e is the limit <math>\frac{1}{0!}+\frac{1}{1!}+\frac{1}{2!}...</math>More at the counting part of the article.
+Sum irrational numbers are limits. That means they are the sum of smaller and smaller fraction going infinitely long. Pi or <math>\pi</math> (go to the geometry part of this article) is the limit <math>\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}...=\frac{\pi}{4}</math>. e is the limit $\frac{1}{0!}+\frac{1}{1!}+\frac{1}{2!}...   More at the counting part of the article.
 === Exponent rules ===

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Difference between revisions of "What is the definition of Pure Mathematics?"

Revision as of 13:28, 19 June 2019

Contents

What is the definition of Pure Mathematics?

Arithmetic

Definition

Operations

Addition and addition repeated

Inverse

Negitive numbers

Fractions

Simplifing fractions

Adding frations

Multilpying fractions

Irrational numbers

Proof that any nonperfect square positive integer is irrational

pi and e

Exponent rules

Negitive numbers

Algebra

One-variable linear equations

Definition

The answer is always...

Quadratics

Defination

The answer is always...

i

Powers of i

Complex numbers

Systems of equations

Solving Linear Systems

Gaussian Elimination

Problem

Solution

Substitution

Problem

Solution

Algebra

Number Theory